{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:57:43Z","timestamp":1792191463235,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]],"date-time":"2014-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 AG010436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG010436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J American Geriatrics Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n To determine how well the interview\u2010based, clinic\u2010friendly International Academy of Nutrition and Aging (\n FRAIL<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) frailty scale predicts future disability and mortality in the African American Health (\n AAH<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) cohort compared with the clinic\u2010friendly Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (\n SOF<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) frailty scale, the phenotype\u2010based Cardiovascular Health Study (\n CHS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) frailty scale, and the comprehensive Frailty Index (\n FI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Longitudinal cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Metropolitan St. Louis, Missouri.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n African American Health is a population\u2010based panel study of African Americans (baseline age 49\u201365) from St. Louis, Missouri. Participants completed in\u2010home assessments at baseline (N\u00a0=\u00a0998) and 3\u2010 (n\u00a0= 853) and 9\u2010 (n\u00a0=\u00a0582) year follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Measurements<\/jats:title>\n \n Outcomes included activity of daily living (\n ADL<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and instrumental\n ADL<\/jats:styled-content>\n difficulties at 3 and 9\u00a0years and 9\u2010year mortality. Frailty measures included the\n FRAIL<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n SOF<\/jats:styled-content>\n , and\n CHS<\/jats:styled-content>\n scales and the\n FI<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The\n FRAIL<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n SOF<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n CHS<\/jats:styled-content>\n , and\n FI<\/jats:styled-content>\n measures predicted new 3\u2010 and 9\u2010year disability, and the\n FRAIL<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n FI<\/jats:styled-content>\n scales predicted 9\u2010year mortality. Receiver operating characteristic (\n ROC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) contrasts showed that the\n FRAIL<\/jats:styled-content>\n scale performed as well as (9\u2010year disability and mortality) or better than (3\u2010year disability) the\n CHS<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n SOF<\/jats:styled-content>\n scales and the\n FI<\/jats:styled-content>\n better than the\n FRAIL<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n CHS<\/jats:styled-content>\n , and\n SOF<\/jats:styled-content>\n scales for all outcomes except the\n FRAIL<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n CHS<\/jats:styled-content>\n scales for 9\u2010year\n ADL<\/jats:styled-content>\n difficulties. The\n CHS<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n SOF<\/jats:styled-content>\n scales were equivalent for all outcomes in\n ROC<\/jats:styled-content>\n contrasts.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Overall the\n FI<\/jats:styled-content>\n and the\n FRAIL<\/jats:styled-content>\n scale exhibited the strongest predictive validity for disability and mortality in\n AAH<\/jats:styled-content>\n . The best prediction tool to identify frail individuals at risk of disability and mortality may be one that includes a comorbidity measure. The\n FRAIL<\/jats:styled-content>\n scale includes a comorbidity item and is a brief interview\u2010based measure that is easy to administer, score, and interpret. The\n FRAIL<\/jats:styled-content>\n scale has demonstrated validity and may prove to be a valuable scale for use by clinicians.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]],"date-time":"2014-03-17T15:42:51Z","timestamp":1395070971000},"page":"721-726","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":315,"title":["A Comparison of Four Frailty Models"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Theodore K.","family":"Malmstrom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Psychiatry School of Medicine Saint Louis University Saint Louis Missouri"},{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine Saint Louis University Saint Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas K.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Aging Research Indiana University School of Medicine Indiana University Indianapolis Indiana"},{"name":"Regenstrief Institute, Inc. Indianapolis Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Morley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine Saint Louis University Saint Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.01.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-11-33"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000235653"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324816"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/53B.1.S9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.11.M698"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2009.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/62.7.722"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afp204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.10.1089"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01259.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2007.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02982161"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04074.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0084-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2013.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02137.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2007.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.2.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2005.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199305000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03398.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics.Data File Documentation National Health Interview Second Supplement on Aging 1994 (machine readable data file and documentation).Hyattsville MD:National Center for Health Statistics 1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01590.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/62.7.738"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afi146"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.3.M255"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt1xp3vbc"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjgs.12735","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjgs.12735","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jgs.12735","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T18:22:59Z","timestamp":1762194179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jgs.12735"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jgs.12735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.12735","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-8614","1532-5415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-8614","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-5415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,17]]}}}