{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:01:33Z","timestamp":1789966893296,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]],"date-time":"2015-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J American Geriatrics Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To clarify the association between midlife and late\u2010life smoking and risk of dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Hisayama Study, Japan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Japanese community\u2010dwellers without dementia aged 65 to 84 (mean age 72) followed for 17 years (1988\u20132005) (N = 754), 619 of whom had participated in a health examination conducted in 1973\u201374 (mean age, 57) and were included in the midlife analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The risk estimates of smoking status on the development of dementia were computed using a Cox proportional hazards model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During follow\u2010up, 252 subjects developed all\u2010cause dementia; 143 had Alzheimer's disease (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), and 76 had vascular dementia (VaD). In late life, the multivariable\u2010adjusted risk of all\u2010cause dementia was significantly greater in current smokers than in never smokers; similar associations were seen for all\u2010cause dementia,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , and VaD in midlife current smokers. Meanwhile, no significant association was observed between past smoking and risk of any type of dementia in late or midlife. Multivariable analysis showed that smokers in midlife and late life had significantly greater risks than lifelong nonsmokers of all\u2010cause dementia (adjusted hazard ratio (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aHR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) = 2.28, 95% confidence interval (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) = 1.49\u20133.49),\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aHR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      = 1.98, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      = 1.09\u20133.61), and VaD (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aHR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      = 2.88, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      = 1.34\u20136.20). Such associations were not observed for midlife smokers who quit smoking in late life.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persistent smoking from mid\u2010 to late life is a significant risk factor for dementia and its subtypes in the general Japanese population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]],"date-time":"2015-10-27T07:25:09Z","timestamp":1445930709000},"page":"2332-2339","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Midlife and Late\u2010Life Smoking and Risk of Dementia in the Community: The Hisayama Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Ohara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiharu","family":"Ninomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"},{"name":"Department of Center for Cohort Studies Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Hata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"},{"name":"Department of Center for Cohort Studies Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mio","family":"Ozawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daigo","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"},{"name":"Department of Center for Cohort Studies Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoko","family":"Mukai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"},{"name":"Department of Center for Cohort Studies Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaharu","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Iwaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takanari","family":"Kitazono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Clinical Science Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigenobu","family":"Kanba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Kiyohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization and Alzheimer's Disease International.Dementia: A Public Health Priority 2012[on\u2010line]. 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