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Propensity score (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) analysis is widely used in aging research to reduce confounding. Understanding the assumptions and pitfalls of common\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    analysis methods is fundamental to applying and interpreting\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    analysis. This review was developed based on a symposium of the American Geriatrics Society Annual Meeting on the use and interpretation of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    analysis in May 2014.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    analysis involves two steps: estimation of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and estimation of the treatment effect using\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Typically estimated from a logistic model,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    reflects the probability of receiving a treatment given observed characteristics of an individual.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    can be viewed as a summary score that contains information on multiple confounders and is used in matching, weighting, or stratification to achieve confounder balance between the treatment groups to estimate the treatment effect. Of these methods, matching and weighting generally reduce confounding more effectively than stratification. Although\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    is often included as a covariate in the outcome regression model, this is no longer a best practice because of its sensitivity to modeling assumption. None of these methods reduce confounding by unmeasured variables. The rationale, best practices, and caveats in conducting\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    analysis are explained in this review using a case study that examined the effective of angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and hospitalization in older adults with heart failure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,22]],"date-time":"2016-08-22T20:46:49Z","timestamp":1471898809000},"page":"2065-2073","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Use and Interpretation of Propensity Scores in Aging Research: A Guide for Clinical Researchers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Dae Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Division of Gerontology Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl F.","family":"Pieper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Duke University Durham North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatrics Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathleen S.","family":"Col\u00f3n\u2010Emeric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Duke University Durham North Carolina"},{"name":"Division of Geriatrics Department of Medicine Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center Duke University Durham North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","volume-title":"Modern Epidemiology","author":"Rothman KJ","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1984.10478078"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1985.10479383"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.540480"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19981015)17:19<2265::AID-SIM918>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318289dedf"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1555"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3782"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj149"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2098"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.2.176"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-8_Part_2-199710151-00064"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg231"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_293.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12182"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00321-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpl013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2007.00527.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2580"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2781"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X09341755"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq439"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","unstructured":"KingG NielsonR.Why Propensity Scores Should Not Be Used for Matching 2016[on\u2010line]. 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