{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:33:56Z","timestamp":1792510436733,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]],"date-time":"2016-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37AG011099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37AG011099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY06594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY06594"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J American Geriatrics Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the associations between sensory impairments and 10\u2010year risk of cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EHLS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), a longitudinal, population\u2010based study of aging in the Beaver Dam, Wisconsin community. Baseline examinations were conducted in 1993 and follow\u2010up examinations have been conducted every 5 years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>General community.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EHLS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      members without cognitive impairment at\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EHLS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u20102 (1998\u20132000). There were 1,884 participants (mean age 66.7) with complete\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EHLS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u20102 sensory data and follow\u2010up information.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive impairment was defined as a Mini\u2010Mental State Examination score of &lt;24 or history of dementia or Alzheimer's disease. Hearing impairment was a pure\u2010tone average of hearing thresholds (0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz) of &gt;25 dB hearing level in either ear, visual impairment was a Pelli\u2010Robson contrast sensitivity of &lt;1.55 log units in the better eye, and olfactory impairment was a San Diego Odor Identification Test score of &lt;6.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hearing, visual, and olfactory impairment were independently associated with cognitive impairment risk (hearing: hazard ratio (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) = 1.90, 95% confidence interval (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) = 1.11\u20133.26; vision:\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      = 2.05, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      = 1.24\u20133.38; olfaction:\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      = 3.92, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      = 2.45\u20136.26)). Nevertheless, 85% of participants with hearing impairment, 81% with visual impairment, and 76% with olfactory impairment did not develop cognitive impairment during follow\u2010up.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relationship between sensory impairment and cognitive impairment was not unique to one sensory system, suggesting that sensorineural health may be a marker of brain aging. The development of a combined sensorineurocognitive measure may be useful in uncovering mechanisms of healthy brain aging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]],"date-time":"2016-09-09T14:26:30Z","timestamp":1473431190000},"page":"1981-1987","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":228,"title":["Age\u2010Related Sensory Impairments and Risk of Cognitive Impairment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen J.","family":"Cruickshanks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla R.","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex A.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia M.","family":"Carlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin"},{"name":"Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology Department of Medicine, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center Department of Veterans Affairs Madison Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara E. 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