{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T21:18:41Z","timestamp":1776547121726,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000097","name":"National Center for Research Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 RR024975\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 RR024975\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG058639"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG058639"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG053264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG053264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AG032355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AG032355"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR000445\u201006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000445\u201006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J American Geriatrics Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polypharmacy is associated with delirium, but the mechanisms for this connection are unclear. Our goal was to determine the frequency of supratherapeutic psychotropic drug levels (SPDLs) in older hospitalized patients and if it is associated with the duration of emergency department (ED) delirium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tertiary care academic medical center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ED patients 65\u2009years or older who were admitted to the hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Delirium was assessed in the ED and during the first 7\u2009days of hospitalization using the modified Brief Confusion Assessment Method. Drug concentrations were determined in serum samples collected at enrollment via a novel platform based on liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry capable of identifying and quantitating 78 clinically approved medications including opioids, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and amphetamines. Patients with serum psychotropic drug concentrations above established reference ranges were considered supratherapeutic and have a SPDL. We performed proportional odds logistic regression to determine if SPDLs were associated with ED delirium duration adjusted for confounders. Medical record review was performed to determine if the doses of medications associated with SPDLs were adjusted at hospital discharge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 158 patients were enrolled; of these, 66 were delirious in the ED. SPDLs were present in 11 (17%) of the delirious and 4 (4%) of the non\u2010delirious ED patients. SPDLs were significantly associated with longer ED delirium duration (adjusted proportional odds ratio = 6.0; 95% confidence interval = 2.1\u201017.3) after adjusting for confounders. Of the 15 medications associated with SPDLs, 9 (60%) were prescribed at the same or higher doses at the time of hospital discharge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SPDLs significantly increased the odds of prolonged ED delirium episodes. Approximately half of the medications associated with SPDLs were continued after hospital discharge at the same or higher doses.\n                      <jats:bold>J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2387\u20132392, 2019<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T10:59:28Z","timestamp":1568113168000},"page":"2387-2392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Supratherapeutic Psychotropic Drug Levels in the Emergency Department and Their Association with Delirium Duration: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0384-210X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin H.","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Quality Aging Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"},{"name":"Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Tennessee Valley Health Care Center Nashville Tennessee"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology and Precision Medicine University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduard E.","family":"Vasilevskis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Quality Aging Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"},{"name":"Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Tennessee Valley Health Care Center Nashville Tennessee"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health Section of Hospital Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Schnelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Quality Aging Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"},{"name":"Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Tennessee Valley Health Care Center Nashville Tennessee"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. Wesley","family":"Ely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Quality Aging Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"},{"name":"Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Tennessee Valley Health Care Center Nashville Tennessee"},{"name":"Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship Center Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rameela","family":"Chandrasekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan D.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precera Bioscience, Inc. 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