{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T07:51:13Z","timestamp":1790495473001,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]],"date-time":"2020-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201100001C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201100001C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201100002C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201100002C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201100003C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201100003C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201100004C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201100004C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201100046c"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201100046c"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN271201100004C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN271201100004C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5P30ES007048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P30ES007048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES025888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES025888"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N01\u2010AG\u20101\u20102106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N01\u2010AG\u20101\u20102106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01AG055367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01AG055367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50AG005142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50AG005142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG033078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG033078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF1AG054068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1AG054068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD\u201083830001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD\u201083830001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD831697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD831697"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J American Geriatrics Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND\/OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to air pollution may contribute to both increasing depressive symptoms and decreasing episodic memory in older adulthood, but few studies have examined this hypothesis in a longitudinal context. Accordingly, we examined the association between air pollution and changes in depressive symptoms (DS) and episodic memory (EM) and their interrelationship in oldest\u2010old (aged 80 and older) women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DESIGN<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort data from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study\u2010Epidemiology of Cognitive Health Outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SETTING<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Geographically diverse community\u2010dwelling population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PARTICIPANTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1,583 dementia\u2010free women aged 80 and older.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>MEASUREMENTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Women completed up to six annual memory assessments (latent composite of East Boston Memory Test and Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status) and the 15\u2010item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS\u201015). We estimated 3\u2010year average exposures to regional particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter below 2.5 \u03bcm (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) (interquartile range [IQR] = 3.35\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and gaseous nitrogen dioxide (NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) (IQR = 9.55\u2009ppb) at baseline and during a remote period 10\u2009years earlier, using regionalized national universal kriging.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Latent change structural equation models examined whether residing in areas with higher pollutant levels was associated with annual changes in standardized EM and DS while adjusting for potential confounders. Remote NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\u03b2 = .287 per IQR;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .002) and PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\u03b2 = .170 per IQR;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u2009.019) exposure was significantly associated with larger increases in standardized DS, although the magnitude of the difference, less than 1 point on the GDS\u201015, is of questionable clinical significance. Higher DS were associated with accelerated EM declines (\u03b2 = \u2212.372;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u2009.001), with a significant indirect effect of remote NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure on EM declines mediated by DS. There were no other significant indirect exposure effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings in oldest\u2010old women point to potential adverse effects of late\u2010life exposure to air pollution on subsequent interplay between DS and EM, highlighting air pollution as an environmental health risk factor for older women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T02:27:17Z","timestamp":1605666437000},"page":"474-484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Air Pollution and the Dynamic Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Memory in Oldest\u2010Old Women"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7770-0123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Petkus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Younan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4286-9463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Beavers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Espeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Gatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara L.","family":"Gruenewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Chapman University  Orange California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel D.","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental &amp; Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena C.","family":"Chui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JoAnn E.","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School Brigham and Women's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Resnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience National Institute on Aging, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Wellenius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Boston University  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Whitsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Widaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Education, University of California, Riverside  Riverside California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiu\u2010Chiuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"OrtmanJM VelkoffVA HoganH. An aging nation: the older population in the United States [Report P25\u20101140].2014.https:\/\/www.census.gov\/content\/dam\/Census\/library\/publications\/2014\/demo\/p25-1140.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000290"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.9.1127"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5318.1560"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30462-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.280"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz348"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2019.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105196"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009314"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105440"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"838","article-title":"Long\u2010term effects on cognitive trajectories of postmenopausal hormone therapy in two age groups","volume":"72","author":"Espeland MA","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(98)00038-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(97)00078-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90033-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115051"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Detection of dementia in the elderly using telephone screening of cognitive status","volume":"6","author":"Welsh KA","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Neuropsychol Behavioral Neurol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh310"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-5573-3-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05099"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh314"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP199"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"342","volume-title":"Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling: Perspectives and Vision","author":"McArdle JJ","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","unstructured":"SeligJP PreacherKJ.Monte Carlo method for assessing mediation: an interactive tool for creating confidence intervals for indirect effects.2008.http:\/\/quantpsy.org. Accessed April 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.341"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2017.1402334"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245919847202"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP192"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww163"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5277"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205909"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP494"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180631"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jgs.16889","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jgs.16889","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jgs.16889","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T12:08:33Z","timestamp":1762171713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jgs.16889"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jgs.16889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.16889","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-8614","1532-5415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-8614","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-5415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}