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We evaluated if age (primary) and chronic disease (secondary) related sarcopenia, that we refer to as compound sarcopenia, impacts clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with HF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional study using hospitalized patient data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality through the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hospitalized adult patients with a primary or secondary diagnosis of HF (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u200964,476) and a concurrent random 2% sample of general medical population (GMP;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009322,217) stratified by age (&lt;50\u2009years of age [y], 51\u201065y, &gt;65y) from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database (years 2010\u20132014).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In\u2010hospital mortality, length of stay (LoS), cost of hospitalization per admission (CoH), comorbidities and discharge disposition, with and without muscle loss phenotype, were analyzed. Muscle loss phenotype was defined using a comprehensive code set from international classification of diseases\u20109 (ICD\u20109).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Muscle loss phenotype was observed in 8673 (13.5%) patients with HF compared to 5213 (1.6%) GMP across all age strata. In patients with HF, muscle loss phenotype was associated with higher mortality, LoS, and CoH. Patients with HF (&gt;65y) and muscle loss phenotype had higher mortality (adjusted OR: 1.81; 95% CI 1.56\u20132.10), CoH (adjusted OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.44\u20131.1.52), and LoS (adjusted OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.37\u20131.43) compared to &gt;65y GMP with muscle loss phenotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Muscle loss phenotype is more commonly associated with increasing age in hospitalized patients with HF. Clinical outcomes were significantly worse in patients with HF aged &gt;65y compared to younger patients with HF and all age strata in GMP with and without a muscle loss phenotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T17:50:27Z","timestamp":1616089827000},"page":"1815-1825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Clinical impact of compound sarcopenia in hospitalized older adult patients with heart failure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Amy","family":"Attaway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Bellar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faty","family":"Dieye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Immunity Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Wajda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Immunity Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Health and Human performance Cleveland State University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Immunity Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1774-0104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srinivasan","family":"Dasarathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Immunity Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"OrtmanJMVV HoganH.An Aging Nation: The Older Population in the United States. 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