{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:53:08Z","timestamp":1787943188489,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 AG070113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 AG070113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J American Geriatrics Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Opioids are frequently prescribed to alleviate pain in older adults, yet the relationships between prescription opioids and long\u2010term cognitive function are unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this analysis of the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, a longitudinal population\u2010based cohort study of older adults with formal neuropsychological testing and cognitive evaluations performed every 15\u2009months, the associations between prescription opioids, global and domain\u2010specific cognitive function, and mild cognitive impairment were evaluated through time\u2010dependent linear mixed effects and Cox proportional hazards models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four thousand two hundred eighteen participants (51% male) were included with enrollment between 11\/1\/2004 and 4\/1\/2019 and median age of 76 (interquartile range 72, 82) years. Two thousand nine hundred seventy\u2010seven subjects (71%) received at least 1 opioid prescription during a median follow\u2010up of 7.5 (5.0, 10.7) years. Overall, there was an estimated 0.096 reduction in the global cognitive\n                      <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score per year, including decreases of 0.050 in memory, 0.080 in language, 0.044 in visual\u2013spatial cognition, and 0.112 in attention. In multivariable analyses, each receipt of an opioid prescription resulted in an additional \u22120.007 (95% CI \u22120.009, \u22120.005) change in global cognitive\n                      <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with significant effects seen in the domains of memory (\u22120.005, 95% CI \u22120.007, \u22120.003;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), language (\u22120.002, 95% CI \u22120.003, 0.000;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.024) and attention (\u22120.004, 95% CI \u22120.006, \u22120.002;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) but not visual\u2013spatial function (0.000, 95% CI \u22120.001, 0.001;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.897). Opioid prescriptions were associated with incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in adjusted analysis (hazard ratio 1.21, 95% CI 1.04, 1.42;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.014).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prescription opioids are associated with small but statistically significant declines in long\u2010term cognitive function in older adults, which may represent effects of opioids or other related factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T23:33:42Z","timestamp":1663544022000},"page":"3526-3537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Prescription opioids and longitudinal changes in cognitive function in older adults: A population\u2010based observational study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Nafisseh S.","family":"Warner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Robert D. and Patricia E. 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Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David O.","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle M.","family":"Mielke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Prevention Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749\u20100690(05)70078\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0885\u20103924(95)00121\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.07.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/2595\u20100118.20180022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.j.pain.0000460336.31600.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/2595\u20100118.20190042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304\u20103959(01)00375\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/J.PAIN.0000000000002080"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm\u20102021\u2010102733"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.1622"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/J.PAIN.0000000000002047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","article-title":"Prevalence of prescription opioid analgesic use in adults: United States, 2013\u20102016","author":"Frenk SM","year":"2019","journal-title":"NCHS Heal E\u2010Stat"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102318\u201011\u201070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13562"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000115751"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys195"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2412-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"L'examen Clinique En Psychologie","author":"Rey A","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","volume-title":"WMS\u2010R: Wechsler Memory Scale\u2014Revised: Manual","author":"Wechsler D","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","volume-title":"The Boston Naming Test","author":"Kaplan E","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","volume-title":"A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests","author":"Strauss E","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u2010Revised [Manual]","author":"Wechsler D","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1958.8.3.271"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854049208401880"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM\u2010IV)","author":"Association AP","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd15.170242"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","unstructured":"About CDC's Opioid Prescribing Guideline. 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