{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:31:54Z","timestamp":1775197914896,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01MD010403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01MD010403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MD017526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MD017526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HL137696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HL137696"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007277","name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5P30AG028741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P30AG028741"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007277","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1UG1DA050072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1UG1DA050072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AG066598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AG066598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J American Geriatrics Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The United States has one of the highest incarceration rates in the world. Prior incarceration is associated with adverse health effects. While the era of \u201cmass incarceration\u201d began in 1973, little work has focused on older adults, whose lives have spanned the five decades of mass incarceration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross\u2010sectional analysis using data on adults 50 or older from the nationally representative Family History of Incarceration Survey to test the independent association between prior incarceration and self\u2010reported physical and mental health. In logistic regression models, we controlled for age, gender, race\/ethnicity, education, income, employment, and marital status. We also tested for effect modification by race\/ethnicity, gender, and time since last incarceration, as well as financial and social wellbeing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 1318 older adults, 21% had been incarcerated. Formerly incarcerated older adults were more likely to be men; non\u2010Hispanic Black or \u201cother\u201d race\/ethnicity; meet criteria for disability; be unmarried; and have lower income and education compared with those never incarcerated. In fully adjusted models, prior incarceration was independently associated with greater odds of reporting \u201cfair\u201d or \u201cpoor\u201d physical health (aOR:1.88, 95% CI: 1.19\u20132.98;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007). Prior incarceration was associated with reporting \u201cfair\u201d or \u201cpoor\u201d mental health after adjusting for demographic covariates (aOR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.24\u20133.65;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006) but was nonsignificant after adding socioeconomic covariates. Length of time from last incarceration did not moderate the observed association, meaning that even those incarcerated &gt;\u200910\u2009years ago had poor self\u2010reported health. Financial wellbeing moderated the association between incarceration and mental health.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prior incarceration is a social determinant of health for older adults, even those with distant incarceration history, and is strongly associated with current poverty and meeting criteria for disability. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of these associations and means to mitigate health harms associated with prior incarceration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.70069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T07:01:11Z","timestamp":1759906871000},"page":"3814-3821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Long Shadow of Incarceration: The Association of Incarceration History With Self\u2010Reported Health Among Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9894-6501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louisa W.","family":"Holaday","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Institute for Health Equity Research  New York New York USA"},{"name":"SEICHE Center for Health and Justice Yale University School of Medicine  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brita","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health NYU Grossman School of Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brie","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Equity and Society UCSF Department of Medicine  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pranav","family":"Gwalani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert L.","family":"Siu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brookdale Department of Geriatrics Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics James J. Peters VA Medical Center  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily A.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SEICHE Center for Health and Justice Yale University School of Medicine  New Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14624740122228203"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30259-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2022","author":"Sawyer W.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"How Criminal Records Hold Back Millions of People","author":"Lartey J.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000720"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2014.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.33083"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-020-00869-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305414"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465211052568"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301148"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.49785"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glae084"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2024026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igad116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2021.1984392"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbac088"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464820969054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023119829332"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/08982643241257065","article-title":"Incarceration Exposure, Biological Aging, and Depression Symptoms in an African American Sample of Older Adults","volume":"0","author":"Berg M. 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