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Variation in the quality or quantity of nutrients consumed by mothers during pregnancy, or infants during the first year of life, can exert permanent and powerful effects upon developing tissues. These effects are termed \u2018programming\u2019 and represent an important risk factor for noncommunicable diseases of adulthood, including the metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease. This narrative review provides an overview of the evidence\u2010base showing that indicators of nutritional deficit in pregnancy are associated with a greater risk of type\u20102 diabetes and cardiovascular mortality. There is also a limited evidence\u2010base that suggests some relationship between breastfeeding and the timing and type of foods used in weaning, and disease in later life. Many of the associations reported between indicators of early growth and adult disease appear to interact with specific genotypes. This supports the idea that programming is one of several cumulative influences upon health and disease acting across the lifespan. Experimental studies have provided important clues to the mechanisms that link nutritional challenges in early life to disease in adulthood. It is suggested that nutritional programming is a product of the altered expression of genes that regulate the cell cycle, resulting in effective remodelling of tissue structure and functionality. The observation that traits programmed by nutritional exposures in foetal life can be transmitted to further generations adds weight the argument that heritable epigenetic modifications play a critical role in nutritional programming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,31]],"date-time":"2014-01-31T06:28:46Z","timestamp":1391149726000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":387,"title":["Nutrition in early life and the programming of adult disease: a review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"S. 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