{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:16:56Z","timestamp":1791238616440,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,8]],"date-time":"2014-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NHS Trust"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Human Nutrition Diet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Muscle wasting during critical illness impairs recovery. Dietary strategies to minimise wasting include nutritional supplements, particularly essential amino acids. We reviewed the evidence on enteral supplementation with amino acids or their metabolites in the critically ill and in muscle wasting illness with similarities to critical illness, aiming to assess whether this intervention could limit muscle wasting in vulnerable patient groups. Citation databases, including <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEDLINE<\/jats:styled-content>, Web of Knowledge, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMBASE<\/jats:styled-content>, the meta\u2010register of controlled trials and the Cochrane Collaboration library, were searched for articles from 1950 to 2013. Search terms included \u2018critical illness\u2019, \u2018muscle wasting\u2019, \u2018amino acid supplementation\u2019, \u2018chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\u2019, \u2018chronic heart failure\u2019, \u2018sarcopenia\u2019 and \u2018disuse atrophy\u2019. Reviews, observational studies, sport nutrition, intravenous supplementation and studies in children were excluded. One hundred and eighty studies were assessed for eligibility and 158 were excluded. Twenty\u2010two studies were graded according to standardised criteria using the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GRADE<\/jats:styled-content> methodology: four in critical care populations, and 18 from other clinically relevant areas. Methodologies, interventions and outcome measures used were highly heterogeneous and meta\u2010analysis was not appropriate. Methodology and quality of studies were too varied to draw any firm conclusion. Dietary manipulation with leucine enriched essential amino acids (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EAA<\/jats:styled-content>), \u03b2\u2010hydroxy\u2010\u03b2\u2010methylbutyrate and creatine warrant further investigation in critical care; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EAA<\/jats:styled-content> has demonstrated improvements in body composition and nutritional status in other groups with muscle wasting illness. High\u2010quality research is required in critical care before treatment recommendations can be made.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,8]],"date-time":"2014-05-08T04:56:57Z","timestamp":1399525017000},"page":"313-330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Impact of supplementation with amino acids or their metabolites on muscle wasting in patients with critical illness or other muscle wasting illness: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Wandrag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Investigative Medicine Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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