{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:51:15Z","timestamp":1772160675040,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010353","name":"Hellenic Atherosclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010353","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Human Nutrition Diet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given that obesity is a well\u2010known risk factor for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) development, dietary habits may be involved in its pathogenesis. However, little is known about the associations between dietary habits and OSA severity. The present study aimed to investigate possible associations between cereal grain intake and apnoea\/hypopnoea indices in OSA patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was a cross\u2010sectional study of 269 patients (21\u201370 years; 73.2% males) diagnosed with OSA via an attended in\u2010hospital polysomnography. Information on demographics, medical history, anthropometric indices and lifestyle habits were collected at enrolment. Biochemical measurements were performed in all study participants using standard procedures. Cereal grain consumption was evaluated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Severe OSA was defined as having an apnoea\u2010hypopnoea index \u226530 events h\n                      <jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In adjusted analyses, higher intake of refined cereal grains was positively associated with apnoea\u2010hypopnoea index (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>trend<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0.022), after adjusting for age, sex, socio\u2010economic parameters, smoking habits, waist circumference, physical activity level, adequacy of night\u2010time sleep, diet's quality as assessed by a relevant score, insulin resistance and C\u2010reactive protein levels). Multiple logistic regression analysis also showed that energy\u2010adjusted refined grain intake was associated with increased likelihood of severe OSA (odds ratio = 1.56, 95% confidence interval = 1.06\u20132.30). \u039do association between apnoea\/hypopnoea indices and non\u2010refined grain intake was observed in this study.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings show that obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with cereal grain intake and suggest that a higher intake of refined cereal grains may be a risk factor for OSA severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  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