{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:51:27Z","timestamp":1772160687460,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Human Nutrition Diet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People of Black and Asian ethnicities have a higher infection rate and mortality as a result of COVID\u201019. It has also been reported that vitamin D deficiency may play a role in this, possibly because of the multi\u2010gene regulatory function of the vitamin D receptor. As a result, increased dietary intake and\/or supplementation to attain adequate 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels could benefit people in these ethnicities. The present study aimed to review the literature examining the changes in 25(OH)D in different types of vitamin D supplementation from randomised controlled trials in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines. Electronic databases were systematically searched using keywords related to vitamin D supplementation in Black and Asian ethnicities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eight studies were included in the review. All the included studies found that supplementation of vitamin D (D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), regardless of dosage, increased 25(OH)D levels compared to a placebo. All trials in which participants were vitamin D deficient at baseline showed increased 25(OH)D levels to a level considered adequate. Two studies that used food fortification yielded smaller 25(OH)D increases compared to similar studies that used oral supplementation (10.2 vs. 25.5\u2009nmol\u2009L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively). Furthermore, vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      supplementation yielded significantly lower 25(OH)D increases than vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      supplementation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oral vitamin D supplementation may be more efficacious in increasing 25(OH)D levels than food fortification of Black and Asian ethnicities, with vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      supplementation possibly being more efficacious than vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      . It is recommended that people with darker skin supplement their diet with vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      through oral tablet modes where possible, with recent literature suggesting a daily intake of 7000\u201310,000\u2009IU to be potentially protective from unfavourable COVID\u201019 outcomes. As a result of the paucity of studies, these findings should be treated as exploratory.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T00:22:01Z","timestamp":1633738921000},"page":"995-1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Changes in 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D levels post\u2010vitamin D supplementation in people of Black and Asian ethnicities and its implications during COVID\u201019 pandemic: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Megan","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision and Eye Research Institute, School of Medicine Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5978-3407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike","family":"Trott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision and Eye Research Institute, School of Medicine Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raju","family":"Sapkota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision and Eye Research Institute, School of Medicine Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gurmel","family":"Premi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision and Eye Research Institute, School of Medicine Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaspal","family":"Ubhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision and Eye Research Institute, School of Medicine Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Science Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahina","family":"Pardhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision and Eye Research Institute, School of Medicine Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2017.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanham\u2010NewSA ButtrissJL MilesLM AshwellM BerryJL BoucherBJ et al. 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