{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T04:27:59Z","timestamp":1781929679240,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Human Nutrition Diet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The optimal time of starting complementary foods (CFs) in infants remains a subject of debate. This population\u2010based longitudinal cohort study evaluated the association between early CF introduction and body mass index (BMI) in children aged 5\u20137 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study included 917,707 children born in Korea during 2008\u20132009. Initial timing of CF introduction was obtained by questionnaires administered between 4 and 6 months and 9 and 12 months of age. The cohort consisted of 154,565 eligible individuals who properly completed the screening programme, including structured questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and physical examinations. To balance baseline characteristics, children were subjected to propensity score matching based on 95 covariates, including indicators of baseline health such as perinatal condition, birth weight, economic status, clinical disease and drug exposure. Exposure was defined as introduction to CF at age &lt; 4 months, and outcomes were overweight (BMI <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2010score &gt; 85th percentile) and obesity (BMI <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2010score &gt; 95th percentile) at ages 5\u20137 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 154,565 eligible children in the observed cohort, 10,499 (6.8%) were introduced to CF at age &lt; 4 months and 144,066 (93.2%) at age \u2265 4 months. Propensity score matching yielded 9680 children introduced to CF at age &lt; 4 months and 35,396 at age \u2265 4 months. The risk for being overweight or obese at age 5\u20137 years was slightly higher among those who started CF at age &lt;\u20094 months than at age \u22654 months (adjusted relative risk\u2009=\u20091.06; 95% confidence interval = 1.02\u20131.09). A similar but stronger association was observed for being obese at age 5\u20137 years (adjusted relative risk = 1.12; 95% confidence interval = 1.05\u20131.19).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early CF introduction before age 4 months was associated with increased BMI at age 5\u20137 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.13098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T13:40:04Z","timestamp":1665582004000},"page":"787-797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Association between complementary food introduction before age 4 months and body mass index at age 5\u20137 years: A retrospective population\u2010based longitudinal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8863-5729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Kyo","family":"Ha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Department of Data Science Sejong University College of Software Convergence Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4945-0753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hey\u2010Sung","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Hyeon","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center CHA University School of Medicine Seongnam Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somin","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Science Sejong University College of Software Convergence Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Hyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Science Sejong University College of Software Convergence Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0454-653X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis A.","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n (IA2) and Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n (IIS Arag\u00f3n) Zaragoza Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5632-5208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Data Science Sejong University College of Software Convergence Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Suwon Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9077-5779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man Yong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center CHA University School of Medicine Seongnam Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Obesity and overweight.2021\u00a0[cited 2021 Dec 1]. Available from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Noncommunicable diseases: childhood overweight and obesity.2020[cited 2021 Dec 1]. Available from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/q-a-detail\/noncommunicable-diseases-childhood-overweight-and-obesity"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2021.01536"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020257"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2021.00213"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1320"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2491"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000304464.60788.bd"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2020.01382"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.12.624"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12796"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)82677-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38470.670903.E0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.83.3.550"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512001055"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1579"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2020.01284"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"National Health Insurance Service:National Health Insurance Statistics.2020[cited 2021 Jan 11]. Available from:https:\/\/www.nhis.or.kr"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2018.61.5.135"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.02.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2016.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30074-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"397","article-title":"Statistical analysis of correlated relative risks","volume":"7","author":"Rickey EC","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Data Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280210395740"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn164"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1639-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.08.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12471"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1176"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Complementary feeding.2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001454"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.151126"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113756","article-title":"Breastfed and Formula\u2010Fed Infants: need of a different complementary feeding model?","volume":"13","author":"Caroli M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jhn.13098","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jhn.13098","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jhn.13098","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T08:07:15Z","timestamp":1692518835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jhn.13098"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jhn.13098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jhn.13098","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-3871","1365-277X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-3871","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-277X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}