{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T19:52:02Z","timestamp":1787601122532,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]],"date-time":"2023-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Human Nutrition Diet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and iron deficiency (ID) affect many African children. Both HIV and iron status interact with gut microbiota composition and related biomarkers. The study's aim was to determine the associations of HIV and iron status with gut microbiota composition, gut inflammation and gut integrity in South African school\u2010age children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this two\u2010way factorial case\u2013control study, 8\u2010 to 13\u2010year\u2010old children were enrolled into four groups based on their HIV and iron status: (1) With HIV (HIV+) and ID (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200943), (2) HIV+ and iron\u2010sufficient nonanaemic (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200941), (3) without HIV (HIV\u2212) and ID (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200944) and (4) HIV\u2212 and iron\u2010sufficient nonanaemic (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200938). HIV+ children were virally suppressed (&lt;50 HIV RNA copies\/ml) on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Microbial composition of faecal samples (16S rRNA sequencing) and markers of gut inflammation (faecal calprotectin) and gut integrity (plasma intestinal fatty acid\u2013binding protein [I\u2010FABP]) were assessed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Faecal calprotectin was higher in ID versus iron\u2010sufficient nonanaemic children (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007). I\u2010FABP did not significantly differ by HIV or iron status. ART\u2010treated HIV (redundancy analysis [RDA]\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.029) and age (RDA\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004) explained the variance in the gut microbiota across the four groups. Probabilistic models showed that the relative abundance of the butyrate\u2010producing genera\n                      <jats:italic>Anaerostipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Anaerotruncus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was lower in ID versus iron\u2010sufficient children.\n                      <jats:italic>Fusicatenibacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      was lower in HIV+ and in ID children versus their respective counterparts. The prevalence of the inflammation\u2010associated genus\n                      <jats:italic>Megamonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      was 42% higher in children with both HIV and ID versus HIV\u2212 and iron\u2010sufficient nonanaemic counterparts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our sample of 8\u2010 to 13\u2010year\u2010old virally suppressed HIV+ and HIV\u2212 children with or without ID, ID was associated with increased gut inflammation and changes in the relative abundance of specific microbiota. Moreover, in HIV+ children, ID had a cumulative effect that further shifted the gut microbiota to an unfavourable composition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.13171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T01:21:26Z","timestamp":1680139286000},"page":"819-832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Associations of HIV and iron status with gut microbiota composition, gut inflammation and gut integrity in South African school\u2010age children: a two\u2010way factorial case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0082-3085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlene","family":"Goosen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6792-9442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Proost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Rega Institute, KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Microbiology, VIB Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9107-4181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeannine","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1953-9017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kashish","family":"Mallick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9660-7621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul Y.","family":"Tito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Rega Institute, KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Microbiology, VIB Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4819-9501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaun L.","family":"Barnabas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu Stellenbosch University  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2559-6034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark F.","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu Stellenbosch University  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1337-041X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"Raes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Rega Institute, KU Leuven  Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Microbiology, VIB Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7413-5918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9e","family":"Blaauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS. UNAIDS data 2021.https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2021\/2021_unaids_data(2021). Accessed 28 Nov 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-1502-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2013.1.377"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu409"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1804281"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Nutritional anaemias: tools for effective prevention and control. Geneva: WHO.https:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/publications\/micronutrients\/anaemias-tools-prevention-control\/en\/(2017). Accessed 28 Nov 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2012.01461.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.148643"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01453-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz561"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597476"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2013.0280"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.32132"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258226"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003829"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006438"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030962"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.043497"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Training course on child growth assessment. Geneva: WHO.https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241595070(2008). Accessed 28 Nov 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.2021.1881896"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.11.3127"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa141"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"The use of fecal calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Bjarnason I","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad3503"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030126"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","first-page":"1593","article-title":"The No\u2010U\u2010Turn sampler: adaptively setting path lengths in Hamiltonian Monte Carlo","volume":"15","author":"Hoffman MD","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01143"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz423"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix367"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000915"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy271"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.149"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-2018-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87368-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","first-page":"483","article-title":"Composition of gut microbiota of children and adolescents with perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection taking antiretroviral therapy in Zimbabwe","volume":"221","author":"Flygel TT","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000869"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0117-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.1.21526"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000429"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35877-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95409-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-01023-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000428"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13508"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002132"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43741"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0687-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.005801-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32585-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2020.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32833eebe5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06432"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284820971202"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-02074-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.734561"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30673"}],"container-title":["Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jhn.13171","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T04:08:31Z","timestamp":1692504511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jhn.13171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jhn.13171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jhn.13171","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/JHN.13171\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/JHN.13171\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/JHN.13171\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/JHN.13171\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/JHN.13171\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0952-3871","1365-277X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-3871","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-277X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-12-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}