{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:33:03Z","timestamp":1785771183538,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010035","name":"Sheffield Hallam University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Human Nutrition Diet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2024, 95% of 3\u20134\u2010year\u2010old children in England attended early years settings (EYS). This study aimed to estimate energy and nutrient content of packed lunches provided for and consumed by children attending EYS, along with food type, cost and level of processing and whether these differed by area deprivation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An observational cross\u2010sectional weighed intake and nutrient analysis of food and drinks in packed lunches provided to and consumed by children attending eight EYS over 5 days. Food type, packaging and processing were coded and lunch costs calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 67 children ate 185 packed lunches. Lunches included fruit (76.2%) more often than vegetables (38.9%). Lunches in areas of higher deprivation less frequently contained fruit (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003) or vegetables (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and more frequently contained meat products (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), savoury snacks (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), cakes\/biscuits (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.038) and confectionery (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Use of pre\u2010packaged foods was common (40.1% items), and ultra\u2010processed foods provided 65.5% energy. Overall, lunches provided sufficient fibre and micronutrients, but high protein and excess energy, fat, saturated fat, free sugars and sodium. Provision of most nutrients varied by area deprivation, but consumption in areas of higher deprivation was only higher for free sugars (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and lower for fibre (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003) and vitamin C (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003). Median packed lunch cost was \u00a31.26, with no difference by area deprivation (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.422). Healthier lunches were cheaper than less healthy lunches (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Use of pre\u2010packed, ultra\u2010processed foods was high, and provision of vegetables low. Lunches were high in sodium and free sugars, with less healthy lunches provided in areas of higher deprivation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.70066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T02:44:12Z","timestamp":1747277052000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Packed Lunch Provision and Consumption in Early Years Settings in Sheffield: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0974-479X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Pearce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Business School Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0111-1178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire J.","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Business School Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13090838"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13060564"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","unstructured":"\u201cFeeding Young Children Aged 1 to 5 Years \u201d Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","unstructured":"The Food Foundation \u201cThe Food Foundation: Food Insecurity Tracking \u201d2024 https:\/\/foodfoundation.org.uk\/initiatives\/food-insecurity-tracking#tabs\/Round-15."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10796126.2014.891973"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","volume-title":"Education Provision: Children Under 5 Years of Age","author":"Department for Education","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","volume-title":"Fair Society, Healthy Lives: Strategic Review of Health Inequalities in England, Post\u20102010","author":"Marmot M.","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","first-page":"s1","article-title":"Influences on the Development of Children's Eating Behaviours: From Infancy to Adolescence","volume":"68","author":"Birch L.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","volume-title":"Action for Children","author":"Action for Children","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","unstructured":"J.Nicholas L.Stevens L.Briggs andL.Wood \u201cPre\u2010school Food Survey \u201d Children's Food Trust 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980022001355"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510001601"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980010003605"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665111002199"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2010.01148.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-024-03496-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142961"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12442"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","volume-title":"Cost of a School Meal","author":"School Food Matters, Impact on Urban Health, Bremner & Co","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daad194"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","unstructured":"The Food Foundation \u201cHealthy Packed Lunches Cost on Average 45% More Than Unhealthy Options \u201d The Food Foundation 2024 https:\/\/foodfoundation.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-05\/KFG%20Packed%20lunches%20May.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","unstructured":"Ofsted \u201cCheck If Childcare Is Registered \u201d2024 https:\/\/reports.ofsted.gov.uk\/childcare."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","unstructured":"UK Government \u201cGet Information About Schools \u201d2024 https:\/\/www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","volume-title":"McCance and Widdowson's the Composition of Foods","author":"McCance R. 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