{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T08:22:04Z","timestamp":1787732524600,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Human Nutrition Diet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Walnuts (\n                      <jats:italic>Juglans regia<\/jats:italic>\n                      L.) are rich in bioactive compounds with anti\u2010inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may benefit cardiovascular health. However, the evidence regarding their effects on blood pressure (BP) and endothelial function remains inconclusive.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of walnut consumption on systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP), and endothelial function markers, including flow\u2010mediated dilation (FMD), intercellular adhesion molecule\u20101 (ICAM\u20101) and vascular cell adhesion molecule\u20101 (VCAM\u20101) in adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus was conducted through February 2026 to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Weighted mean differences (WMDs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a random\u2010effects model. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on intervention duration and walnut dosage. Dose\u2013response associations were further examined using both linear and nonlinear modelling approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pooled analysis data from 36 RCTs showed no significant overall effect of walnut consumption on SBP (WMD: \u22120.65\u2009mmHg; 95% CI: \u22121.61 to 0.30,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.183) or DBP (WMD: \u22120.68\u2009mmHg; 95% CI: \u22121.56 to 0.19,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.125). However, significant reductions in DBP were observed in studies lasting\u2009\u2265\u200912 weeks. Walnut intake significantly increased FMD (WMD: 0.93%; 95% CI: 0.27 to 1.59,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006), but had no overall significant effect on ICAM\u20101 (WMD\u2009=\u2009\u22120.56\u2009ng\/mL; 95% CI: \u22122.50 to 1.38;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.571) and VCAM\u20101 (WMD: \u22128.68\u2009ng\/mL,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.663). Subgroup analysis indicated a reduction in ICAM\u20101 in participants at high cardiovascular risk. The dose\u2013response analysis supported a greater effect on ICAM\u20101 at higher walnut intakes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Walnut supplementation may improve vascular health by reducing endothelial dysfunction and promoting a dose\u2010dependent reduction in endothelial inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                      International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO): CRD420261461684.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.70335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T08:43:56Z","timestamp":1787215436000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Walnut (\n                    <i>Juglans regia<\/i>\n                    L.) on Blood Pressure and Endothelial Function in Adults: A Systematic Review and Dose\u2013Response Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0315-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghazal","family":"Mashayekhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7968-6110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damoon","family":"Ashtary\u2010Larky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4388-0214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Bogomolets National Medical University (NMU) Kyiv Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7740-4711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omid","family":"Asbaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5322-2596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arvin","family":"Porkar Rezaeyeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Shouhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9714-3221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy School of Pharmacy Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2971-9978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moslem","family":"Naderian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy School of Pharmacy Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran"},{"name":"Medicinal Plants Research Center Yasuj University of Medical Sciences Yasuj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150711324"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1612905"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcrp.2025.200424"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-025-01682-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70547"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-025-01566-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71526"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. 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