{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T12:12:05Z","timestamp":1762431125892,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,30]],"date-time":"2016-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Invest &amp; Clin Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies from Pakistan on salivary dysfunction are lacking, and the Pakistani elderly population is rapidly growing. Among the most common problems in the elderly that could have a deleterious impact on their quality of life are salivary gland hypofunction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SGH<\/jats:styled-content>), diabetes mellitus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content>), and the intake of drugs with adverse effects on salivary function. In the present study, we aimed to find the association of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SGH<\/jats:styled-content> with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content> and drugs among the elderly in Karachi, Pakistan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The inclusion criterion was affirmative answers to a series of standardized questions related to the symptoms of dry mouth. A total of 110 individuals were selected from a convenience sample of 200 people aged between 60 and 70 years. Diabetes, drug use, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SGH<\/jats:styled-content> in the participants were determined by detailed medical and drug history, clinical examination, and sialometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Similar to their international counterparts, the majority of the study participants demonstrated objective evidence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SGH<\/jats:styled-content>. More importantly <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SGH<\/jats:styled-content> was found to be statistically significant with respect to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content> and medication (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). For participants on medication, the minimum and maximum salivary flow rates were found to be 0.09 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>\/min and 0.3 ml\/min, respectively, whereas the minimum and maximum salivary flow rates in diabetic participants were 0.01 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>\/min and 0.09 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>\/min, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the present study, the majority of elderly participants whose presenting complaint was oral dryness was found to have objective evidence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SGH<\/jats:styled-content>, with a statistically\u2010significant association with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DM<\/jats:styled-content> and drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,30]],"date-time":"2016-01-30T08:18:48Z","timestamp":1454141928000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association of salivary gland hypofunction with diabetes mellitus and drugs among the elderly in Karachi, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Muneeb Ahmed","family":"Lone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics Dow International Dental College Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2353-3817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameer","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnosis and Oral Medicine University of Ha'il Ha'il Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maham Muneeb","family":"Lone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashar","family":"Afaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry Dow International Dental College Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohid Abrar","family":"Lone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine Karachi 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