{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T23:38:41Z","timestamp":1778629121751,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,19]],"date-time":"2017-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Invest &amp; Clin Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Khat or qat (<jats:italic>Catha edulis<\/jats:italic>) is a plant that grows in East Africa and southern Arabia. The leaves and twigs of this small tree are chewed by several millions of people worldwide for their stimulating amphetamine\u2010like effects. The reported prevalence of khat chewing in Europe and the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">USA<\/jats:styled-content>is on the rise, especially with global migration. Long\u2010term khat chewing has several detrimental general and oral health effects. The aim of the present study was to review the current literature regarding khat use and its association with oral and dental diseases, with particular emphasis on its link with oral keratotic white lesions and oral cancer. We searched the literature to identify all relevant articles. Studies showed that khat is associated with several oral and dental conditions, including keratotic white lesions, mucosal pigmentation, periodontal disease, tooth loss, plasma cell stomatitis, and xerostomia. There are limited data on the incidence of dental caries among khat chewers. The evidence that khat chewing is a risk factor for oral cancer is still weak, and is mainly based on anecdotal case reports and uncontrolled studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,20]],"date-time":"2017-08-20T04:06:35Z","timestamp":1503201995000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Khat (<i>Catha edulis<\/i>) and its oral health effects: An updated review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4932-1377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadeq A.","family":"Al\u2010Maweri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences Al\u2010Farabi Colleges Riyadh Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine Sana'a University Sana'a Yemen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saman","family":"Warnakulasuriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine King's College London UK"},{"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Samran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences Dar Al Uloom University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Fixed Prosthodontics Ibb University Ibb Yemen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13556210500353020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1569-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/317640"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2004.00145.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12188"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(92)90034-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"318","article-title":"Effects of khat (Catha edulis) consumption on reproductive functions: A review","volume":"80","author":"Mwenda JM","year":"2003","journal-title":"East Afr Med 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