{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:08:00Z","timestamp":1778026080380,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]],"date-time":"2018-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Invest & Clin Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of applying grape seed extract (GSE<\/jats:styled-content>) gel in periodontal pockets for the treatment of chronic periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Eighty\u2010six sites with pocket depth (PD<\/jats:styled-content>) >4\u00a0mm were selected from five systemically\u2010healthy patients in whom scaling, and root planing were performed, and oral instructions were given, a week earlier. PD<\/jats:styled-content>, gingival index (GI<\/jats:styled-content>), plaque index (PI<\/jats:styled-content>), and bleeding on probing (BOP<\/jats:styled-content>) were measured, and sites were then divided into the control group (N\u00a0=\u00a038) and GSE<\/jats:styled-content> group (N\u00a0=\u00a048). Four doses of formulated 2% mucoadhesive GSE<\/jats:styled-content> gel were applied to GSE<\/jats:styled-content> group sites at baseline visit (T0), and 3, 6, and 9\u00a0days after T0. Similarly, a control gel was applied to the control sites. PD<\/jats:styled-content>, PI<\/jats:styled-content>, GI<\/jats:styled-content> and BOP<\/jats:styled-content> were re\u2010evaluated after 4\u00a0weeks and 6\u00a0months of first gel application.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Paired t<\/jats:italic> test for both the control and GSE<\/jats:styled-content> groups showed a significant reduction for all variables after 6\u00a0months of gel application (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>.05). The independent t<\/jats:italic> test showed a significant difference (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>.05) only in the reduction of gingival index (mean: 0.85\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.77 for control and 1.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.8 for GSE<\/jats:styled-content>) and plaque index (mean: 0.75\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.71 for control and 1.12\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.7 for GSE<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>The subgingival application of the formulated 2% mucoadhesive GSE<\/jats:styled-content> gel showed significant improvement in the PI<\/jats:styled-content> and GI<\/jats:styled-content> only.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]],"date-time":"2018-01-19T04:12:55Z","timestamp":1516335175000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Efficacy of grape seed extract gel in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A randomized clinical study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9677-1608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Rayyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics College of Dentistry Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tammam","family":"Terkawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry College of Dentistry Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hajer","family":"Abdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy College of Pharmacy and Allied Medical Sciences Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Abdel Azim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy College of Pharmacy and Allied Medical Sciences Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aseel","family":"Khalaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry College of Dentistry Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zenab","family":"AlKhouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry College of Dentistry Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Meziad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry College of Dentistry Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy Riyadh Saudi 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