{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T09:47:29Z","timestamp":1787737649538,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3\/2\/2012\u20102013\/PG\u2010Thesis\u2010HRD\u20104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3\/2\/2012\u20102013\/PG\u2010Thesis\u2010HRD\u20104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Invest &amp; Clin Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The occurrence of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) may be influenced by oral candidal carriage (OCC). Although OPC is strongly associated with low CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cell count (400\u2010700\u00a0cells\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>) and a lack of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the effect of these two parameters on OCC is debatable. We investigated the oral candidal carriage, species diversity, antifungal susceptibility and the association of OCC with CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cell count and HAART.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oral candidal isolates from 120 HIV<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> patients (60 receiving and 60 not receiving HAART) and 60 healthy controls were quantified, and their species determined using standard culture and biochemical methods, followed by antifungal susceptibility testing using the agar dilution method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The OCC was significantly higher in HIV<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> patients; <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> was the most frequently isolated species in both groups, followed by <jats:italic>Candida tropicalis<\/jats:italic>. Candidal density carriage correlated significantly with CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cell count, but not with HIV and HAART status. Among the isolates from HIV<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> patients, 35.4% showed reduced susceptibility to fluconazole.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV status results in significantly elevated rates of OCC <jats:italic>C\u00a0albicans<\/jats:italic> remains the predominant pathogen, although other species are emerging rapidly. Resistance to fluconazole is on the rise, and more efficient treatment strategies need to be implemented.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T12:09:59Z","timestamp":1563365399000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Oral candidal carriage correlates with CD4<sup>+<\/sup> cell count but not with HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy status"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Parul","family":"Sah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IQVIA Bengaluru India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratik","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Oral Pathologist Oroscan Diagnostics Surat Gujarat India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6647-1572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chetana","family":"Chandrashekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Manipal College of Dental Sciences Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) Manipal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suganthi","family":"Martena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Kasturba Medical College Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) Manipal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamatha","family":"Ballal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Kasturba Medical College Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) Manipal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjayya","family":"Hegde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antiretroviral Treatment Centre Government District Hospital Udupi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasudeva","family":"Guddattu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) Manipal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Murdoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Surgery School of Clinical Dentistry University of Sheffield Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohit","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research Faridabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0088-4777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghu","family":"Radhakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Manipal College of Dental Sciences Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) Manipal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1998.tb02082.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"126","article-title":"Isolation of a T\u2010lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). 1983","volume":"56","author":"Barr\u00e9\u2010Sinoussi F","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Invest Clin"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02707.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652006000500004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-83242011005000001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2001.300603.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044481312-1\/50014-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.26.8.1437-1441.1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.6.1349"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.11.2443"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.26.9.1874-1877.1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2010.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Guidelines for HIV Diagnosis and Monitoring of Antiretroviral Therapy.New Delhi:WHO Regional Office for South\u2010East Asia;2009.http:\/\/www.whoindia.org. 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