{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:28:04Z","timestamp":1793406484213,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]],"date-time":"2017-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001858","name":"VINNOVA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\u201000880"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\u201000880"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Industrial Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Circularity metrics are useful for empirically assessing the effects of a circular economy in terms of profitability, job creation, and environmental impacts. At present, however, there is no standardized method for measuring the circularity of products. We start by reviewing existing product\u2010level metrics in terms of validity and reliability, taking note of theoretically justified principles for aggregating different types of material flows and cycles into a single value. We then argue that the economic value of product parts may constitute a useful basis for such aggregation; describe a set of principles for using economic value as a basis for measuring product circularity; and outline a metric that utilizes this approach. Our recommendation is to use the ratio of recirculated economic value to total product value as a circularity metric, using value chain costs as an estimator. In order to protect value chain actors\u2019 sensitive financial data and facilitate neutrality regarding outsourcing or insourcing, we suggest a means to calculate product\u2010level circularity based on sequential approximations of adding one product part and activity at a time. We conclude by suggesting potential avenues for further research, including ways in which the proposed metric can be used in wider assessments of the circular economy, and ways in which it may be further refined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]],"date-time":"2017-02-24T00:43:10Z","timestamp":1487896990000},"page":"545-558","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":445,"title":["A Metric for Quantifying Product\u2010Level Circularity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Marcus","family":"Linder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE Viktoria\u2013Sustainable Business"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Sarasini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE Viktoria\u2013Sustainable Business"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"van Loon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE Viktoria\u2013Sustainable Business"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12354"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2393203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Biomimicry: Innovation inspired by nature","author":"Benyus J. 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