{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T14:05:01Z","timestamp":1792937101843,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,30]],"date-time":"2019-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553904000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]],"date-time":"2018-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE\u20101122492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE\u20101122492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OISE 1243535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OISE 1243535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011492","name":"Institute for Biospheric Studies, Yale University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007701","name":"American Society of Mechanical Engineers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Industrial Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The current system of production and consumption needs end\u2010of\u2010life disposal to function, but the linkage between upstream production\u2010consumption with the downstream landfill as terminus is, at best, a tenuous, one\u2010way relationship, suggesting a partial system failure. A starting point to fix this link is to confront, systematically, the messy \u201cblack box\u201d that is mixed waste landfilling, interrogate its contents locally, and determine a baseline that can be used to scale up results. Here, we develop a detailed model characterizing landfilled municipal solid waste (MSW) in the United States across the dimensions of material quantity, quality, location, and time. The model triangulates measurements spanning 1,161 landfills (representing up to 95% of landfilled MSW) and 15,169 solid waste samples collected and analyzed at 222 sites across the United States. We confirm that landfilled quantities of paper (63 million megagrams [Mg]), food waste (35 million Mg), plastic (32 million Mg, textiles (10 million Mg), and electronic waste (3.5 million Mg) are far larger than computed by previous top\u2010down U.S. government estimates. We estimate the cost of MSW landfill disposal in 2015 (10.7 billion U.S. dollars [USD]) and gross lost commodity value of recyclable material (1.4 billion USD). Further, we estimate landfill methane emissions to be up to 14% greater (mass basis) than the 2015 U.S. inventory. By principally relying on measurements of waste quantity and type that are recorded annually, the model can inform more effective, targeted interventions to divert waste materials from landfill disposal, improve local, regional, and national emission estimates, enhance dissipative loss estimates in material flow analyses, and illuminate the dynamics linking material, energy, and economic dimensions to production, consumption, and disposal cycles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,31]],"date-time":"2018-03-31T01:48:56Z","timestamp":1522460936000},"page":"466-479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Quantity, Components, and Value of Waste Materials Landfilled in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9379-4406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon T.","family":"Powell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Yale University New Haven CT USA"},{"name":"Center for Industrial Ecology Yale University New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian R.","family":"Chertow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Industrial Ecology Yale University New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"282","article-title":"Production, consumption, and externalities","volume":"59","author":"Ayres R. U.","year":"1969","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X07088433"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2501659"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"Household food security in the United States in 2015","author":"Coleman\u2010Jensen A.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es100240r"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf501653h"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"American seams: An exploration of hybrid fast fashion and domestic manufacturing models in relocalised apparel production","volume":"45","author":"Desai A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Corporate Citizenship"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2014.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es9606788"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jema.1995.0131"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"Environmental Research & Education Foundation.2016.MSW Management in the U.S.: 2010 & 2013.www.erefdn.org. Accessed 7 March 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2015.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","volume-title":"Industrial ecology","author":"Graedel T. E.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1312752110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-9290.2011.00342.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2015.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","volume-title":"Keeping food waste out of the landfill","author":"Harvard Food Law and Policy Clinic","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b00893"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12165"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","volume-title":"Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis","author":"IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es060736h"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2008.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahhat R. F.andE.Kavazanjian.2010.Preliminary feasibility study on the use of mono\u2010disposal landfills for e\u2010waste as temporary storage for future mining. Paper presented at Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology 17\u201319 May Arlington VA USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSST.2010.5507740"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2005.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.59.12.1386"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504315112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2016.1200158"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1613773114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es500052h"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","first-page":"A448","article-title":"Waste couture: environmental impact of the clothing industry","volume":"115","author":"Luz C.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b00079"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1470-6431.2009.00756.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","volume-title":"Estimating quantities and types of food waste at the city level","author":"Natural Resources Defense Council","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2010.10.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0126"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2017.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/684528"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2804"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b02848"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt32brz7.5","volume-title":"Thinking ecologically: The next generation of environmental policy","author":"Powers C. W.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Foundation for Statistical Computing","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217501"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","unstructured":"ReFed.2016.A roadmap to reduce U.S. food waste by 20 Percent.www.refed.com\/downloads\/ReFED_Report_2016.pdf. Accessed 10 March 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","volume-title":"Design for environment: A method for formulating product end\u2010of\u2010life strategies","author":"Rose C. M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-013-9325-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","volume-title":"Generation and disposition of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the United States\u2014A National Survey","author":"Shin D.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12187"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JG001741"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","unstructured":"SWEEP.2017.Landfill Waste Costs Continued to Rise in 2016.http:\/\/nrra.net\/sweep\/cost-to-landfill-waste-continues-to-rise-through-2016\/. Accessed 1 May 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tani T.1999.Product development and recycle system for closed substance cycle society. Paper presented at Proceedings First International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing 1\u20133 February Tokyo Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECODIM.1999.747627"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","unstructured":"Themelis N.andC.Mussche.2014.2014 Energy and Economic Value of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Including Non\u2010Recycled Plastics (NRP) Currently Landfilled in the Fifty States. New York NY USA: Columbia University Earth Engineering Center."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2015.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03880"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16946"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2017.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2662-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.61.6.587"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.11.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.2015a.EPA and USDA Join Private Sector Charitable Organizations to Set Nation's First Goals to Reduce Wasted Food.www.epa.gov\/newsreleases\/epa-and-usda-join-private-sector-charitable-organizations-set-nations-first-goals. Accessed 1 December 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","volume-title":"Historic tipping fees and commodity values","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","volume-title":"Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2014 Fact Sheet","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","volume-title":"Electronic products generation and recycling in the United States, 2013 and 2014","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","volume-title":"Draft Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990\u20132015","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","volume-title":"Global Waste Management Outlook","author":"UNEP (United Nations Environment Program.)","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau.2017.Table 1. Annual estimates of the population for the United States regions states and Puerto Rico: April 1 2010 to July 1 2016. Boston MA USA: United States Census Bureau."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","volume-title":"Draft Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990\u20132015","author":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b00571"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es304565m"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es505268x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164733"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","unstructured":"Waste Business Journal.2013.Directory of Waste Processing & Disposal Sites 2012. San Diego CA USA: Waste Business Journal."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","volume-title":"Preface. In The greening of industrial ecosystems","author":"White R. M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220362110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/108819806775545321"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05180"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612066114"}],"container-title":["Journal of Industrial Ecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjiec.12752","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jiec.12752","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jiec.12752","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1111\/jiec.12752","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jiec.12752","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T17:14:32Z","timestamp":1768497272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jiec.12752"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jiec.12752"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jiec.12752","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1088-1980","1530-9290"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1088-1980","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-9290","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-03-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}