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However, how general this leaf stage\u2010associated resistance is, and the molecular mechanism(s) underlying it, remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of leaf stage on basal resistance, effector\u2010triggered immunity (ETI) and nonhost resistance, using eight pathosystems involving the hosts <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Nicotiana tabacum<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>N. benthamiana<\/jats:italic> and the pathogens <jats:italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pseudomonas syringae<\/jats:italic> pv. <jats:italic>tabaci<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. syringae<\/jats:italic> pv. <jats:italic>tomato<\/jats:italic> DC3000, and <jats:italic>Xanthomonas oryzae<\/jats:italic> pv. <jats:italic>oryzae<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Xoo<\/jats:italic>). We show evidence that leaf stage\u2010associated resistance exists ubiquitously in plants, but with varying intensity at different stages in diverse pathosystems. Microarray expression profiling assays demonstrated that hundreds of genes involved in defense responses, phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling, and calcium signaling, were differentially expressed between leaves at different stages. The <jats:italic>Arabidopsis<\/jats:italic> mutants <jats:italic>sid1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>sid2\u20103<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ein2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>jar1\u20101<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>aba1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>aao3<\/jats:italic> lost leaf stage\u2010associated resistance to <jats:italic>S. sclerotiorum<\/jats:italic>, and the mutants <jats:italic>aba1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>sid2\u20103<\/jats:italic> were affected in leaf stage\u2010associated <jats:italic>RPS2\/AvrRpt2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2010conferred ETI, whereas only the mutant <jats:italic>sid2\u20103<\/jats:italic> influenced leaf stage\u2010associated nonhost resistance to <jats:italic>Xoo<\/jats:italic>. Our results reveal that the phytohormones salicylic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid and abscisic acid likely play an essential, but pathosystem\u2010dependent, role in leaf stage\u2010associated resistance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.12661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,28]],"date-time":"2018-04-28T10:50:41Z","timestamp":1524912641000},"page":"703-722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Leaf stage\u2010associated resistance is correlated with phytohormones in a pathosystem\u2010dependent manner"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"You\u2010Ping","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology College of Agriculture and Biotechnology Zhejiang University 866 Yu Hang Tang Road Hangzhou 310058 China"},{"name":"Centre of Analysis and Measurement Zhejiang University 866 Yu Hang Tang Road Hangzhou 310058 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin\u2010Hui","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology College of Agriculture and Biotechnology Zhejiang University 866 Yu Hang Tang Road Hangzhou 310058 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya\u2010Jing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology College of Agriculture and Biotechnology Zhejiang University 866 Yu Hang Tang Road Hangzhou 310058 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology College of Agriculture and Biotechnology Zhejiang University 866 Yu Hang Tang Road Hangzhou 310058 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