{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:06:45Z","timestamp":1792692405368,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JIPB"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Medicinal plants used by ethnic groups are shaped by environmental constraints (local flora), vertical inheritance (ancestor\u2010descendant inheritance within an ethnic group), and horizontal transmission (cultural exchange between ethnic groups). Understanding these drivers is critical for deciphering traditional ethnic medicinal plant practices and human\u2010mediated plant dispersals. Here, we integrated a high\u2010resolution phylogeny of 5,194 medicinal angiosperms with ethnobotanical data from 36 Chinese ethnic groups. The results reveal that medicinal plant selection shows weak evolutionary constraints, and the inclusion of exotic species\u2014those native to other regions of China but absent from a given ethnic group's area\u2014does not alter the fundamental clustering patterns of ethnic medicinal floras. We identify a profound biogeographic divergence: Ethnic medicinal floras are split into distinct northwestern and southeastern clades, with the Hengduan Mountains region serving as a decisive natural barrier. While environmental factors drive this primary regional division, we also observe progressive convergence in medicinal plant use through horizontal transmission across both clades. This ongoing cultural homogenization poses a significant threat to the preservation of unique, localized ethnobotanical knowledge. Together, our findings provide a comprehensive framework for how environmental barriers and cultural exchange interact to shape the biogeographic structure of traditional medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.70334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T03:11:08Z","timestamp":1785121868000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Drivers and phylogenetic assembly of medicinal floras across China's ethnic groups"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0249-3609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhang\u2010Jian","family":"Shan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004 China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops &amp; Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany The Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao\u2010di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6320-3783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4561-5258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia\u2010Hui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao\u2010di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9410-3495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya\u2010Lei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops &amp; Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany The Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China"},{"name":"China National Botanical Garden Beijing 100093 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2904-4536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao\u2010Lang","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9169-8181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li\u2010Na","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops &amp; Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany The Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China"},{"name":"China National Botanical Garden Beijing 100093 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0360-8321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russell L.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Herbarium of New South Wales Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan 6002 Australia"},{"name":"School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Kensington 2052 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1042-5260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9551-7330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai\u2010Hua","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops &amp; Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany The Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China"},{"name":"China National Botanical Garden Beijing 100093 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4603-9790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu\u2010Chang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongguan Institute of Forestry Science Dongguan 523106 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7882-9765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guo\u2010Yue","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3851-239X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei\u2010Gen","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicinal Plant Development Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100193 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4032-9305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao\u2010Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao\u2010di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6973-7877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li\u2010Min","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops &amp; Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany The Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China"},{"name":"China National Botanical Garden Beijing 100093 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7716-4834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi\u2010Duan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops &amp; Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany The Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China"},{"name":"China National Botanical Garden Beijing 100093 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003049074","volume-title":"Plants, people, and culture: The science of ethnobotany","author":"Balick M.J.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.03.017","article-title":"Comparing medicinal plant knowledge using similarity indices: A case of the Brou, Saek and Kry in Lao PDR","volume":"141","author":"Boer H.J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135152","article-title":"Green plants in the red: A baseline global assessment for the IUCN sampled Red List Index for plants","volume":"10","author":"Brummitt N.A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"A summarized account of the research on the Tibetan\u2010Qiang\u2010Yi corridor","volume":"30","author":"Cai W.","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sichuan Minzu Coll."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2103683118","article-title":"Language extinction triggers the loss of unique medicinal knowledge","volume":"118","author":"C\u00e1mara\u2010Leret R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118399","article-title":"Ethnopharmacology, Ethnomedicine, and Wildlife Conservation","volume":"333","author":"Coals P.G.","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Cole T.C.H. Siebert\u2010Cole E. andZhang M.H.(2024). The Language Genealogy Tree 2024.https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/342924067_yuyanpuxishu_2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx364","article-title":"UpSetR: An R package for the visualization of intersecting sets and their properties","volume":"33","author":"Conway J.R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107729","article-title":"Modern drug discovery using ethnobotany: A large\u2010scale cross\u2010cultural analysis of traditional medicine reveals common therapeutic uses","volume":"26","author":"Domingo\u2010Fern\u00e1ndez D.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"Chinese Materia Medica","author":"Editorial Board of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","volume-title":"China's Ethnic Minorities","author":"Editorial Committee for the Revised Edition of Chinese Ethnic Groups","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2010.01455.x","article-title":"Selectivity in mammalian extinction risk and threat types: A new measure of phylogenetic signal strength in binary traits","volume":"24","author":"Fritz S.A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Conserv. 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