{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T04:06:31Z","timestamp":1784952391438,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,21]],"date-time":"2013-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J intellect Disabil Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>The role of sleep in cognitive processes has been confirmed by a growing number of reports for all ages of life. Analysing sleep electroencephalogram (EEG<\/jats:styled-content>) spectra may be useful to study cortical organisation in individuals with B<\/jats:styled-content>orderline I<\/jats:styled-content>ntellectual F<\/jats:styled-content>unctioning (BIF<\/jats:styled-content>), as seen in other disturbances even if it is not considered a disease. The aim of this study was to determine if the sleep EEG<\/jats:styled-content> power spectra in children with BIF<\/jats:styled-content> could be different from typically developing children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Eighteen BIF<\/jats:styled-content> (12 males) (mean age 11.04; SD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009\u00b1\u20091.07) and 24 typical developing children (14 men) (mean age 10.98; SD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009\u00b1\u20091.76; P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.899) underwent an overnight polysomnography (PSG<\/jats:styled-content>) recording in the S<\/jats:styled-content>leep L<\/jats:styled-content>aboratory of the C<\/jats:styled-content>linic of C<\/jats:styled-content>hild and A<\/jats:styled-content>dolescent N<\/jats:styled-content>europsychiatry, after one adaptation night. Sleep was subdivided into 30\u2010s epochs and sleep stages were scored according to the standard criteria and the power spectra were calculated for the Cz\u2010A2<\/jats:styled-content> channel using the sleep analysis software H<\/jats:styled-content>ypnolab 1.2 (SWS S<\/jats:styled-content>oft, I<\/jats:styled-content>taly) by means of the F<\/jats:styled-content>ast F<\/jats:styled-content>ourier T<\/jats:styled-content>ransform and the power spectrum was calculated for frequencies between 0.5 and 60\u2009Hz<\/jats:styled-content> with a frequency step of 1\u2009Hz<\/jats:styled-content> and then averaged across the following bands delta (0.5\u20134\u2009Hz<\/jats:styled-content>), theta (5\u20137\u2009Hz<\/jats:styled-content>), alpha (8\u201311\u2009Hz<\/jats:styled-content>), sigma (11\u201315\u2009Hz<\/jats:styled-content>), and beta (16\u201330\u2009Hz<\/jats:styled-content>), gamma (30\u201360\u2009Hz<\/jats:styled-content>) for S<\/jats:styled-content>2, SWS<\/jats:styled-content> and REM<\/jats:styled-content> (R<\/jats:styled-content>apid E<\/jats:styled-content>ye M<\/jats:styled-content>ovement) sleep stages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>BIF<\/jats:styled-content> have a reduced sleep duration (total sleep time; P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001), and an increased rate of stage shifts (P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001) and awakenings (P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001) and WASO<\/jats:styled-content> (wakefulness after sleep onset) % (P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001); the stage 2% (P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001), and REM<\/jats:styled-content>% (P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001) were lower and slow\u2010wave sleep percentage was slightly higher (P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001). All children with BIF<\/jats:styled-content> had an AHI<\/jats:styled-content> (apnoea\u2013hypopnea index) less than 1 (mean AHI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20090.691\u2009\u00b1\u20090.236) with a mean oxygen saturation of 97.6% and a periodic leg movement index (PLMI<\/jats:styled-content>) less than 5 (mean PLMI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20092.94\u2009\u00b1\u20091.56). All sleep stages had a significant reduction in gamma frequency (30\u201360\u2009Hz<\/jats:styled-content>) (P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001) and an increased delta frequency (0.5\u20134.0\u2009Hz<\/jats:styled-content>) (P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001) power in BIF<\/jats:styled-content> subjects compared with typically developing children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Our findings shed light on the importance of sleep for cognition processes particularly in cognitive borderline dysfunction and the role of EEG<\/jats:styled-content> spectral power analysis to recognize sleep characteristics in BIF<\/jats:styled-content> children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,21]],"date-time":"2013-03-21T05:34:44Z","timestamp":1363844084000},"page":"421-429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Intellectual disabilities and power spectra analysis during sleep: a new perspective on borderline intellectual functioning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Esposito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Clinic for Developmental Age Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Second University of Naples Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Carotenuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Clinic for Developmental Age Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Second University of Naples Naples 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