{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:16:27Z","timestamp":1791972987946,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,14]],"date-time":"2014-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1389657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Juvenile Justice"},{"name":"Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network"},{"name":"Centre for Aboriginal Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J intellect Disabil Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>Intellectual disability (ID<\/jats:styled-content>) is known to be more common in incarcerated groups, especially incarcerated youth. A<\/jats:styled-content>boriginal young people have higher rates of ID<\/jats:styled-content>, and make up half of all youth in juvenile custody in N<\/jats:styled-content>ew S<\/jats:styled-content>outh W<\/jats:styled-content>ales (NSW<\/jats:styled-content>), A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralia. We aimed to describe the prevalence of possible ID<\/jats:styled-content> and borderline intellectual functioning (BIF<\/jats:styled-content>) in young people in NSW<\/jats:styled-content> custody, and to describe the association between possible ID<\/jats:styled-content> and A<\/jats:styled-content>boriginality after adjusting for the inequalities in social disadvantage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Baseline study of all youth in NSW C<\/jats:styled-content>ustodial C<\/jats:styled-content>entres between A<\/jats:styled-content>ugust and O<\/jats:styled-content>ctober 2009, with 18\u2010month follow\u2010up. Using W<\/jats:styled-content>echsler I<\/jats:styled-content>ntelligence S<\/jats:styled-content>cale for C<\/jats:styled-content>hildren \u2013 F<\/jats:styled-content>ourth E<\/jats:styled-content>dition (WISC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010IV<\/jats:styled-content>) and W<\/jats:styled-content>echsler A<\/jats:styled-content>dult I<\/jats:styled-content>ntelligence S<\/jats:styled-content>cale \u2013 F<\/jats:styled-content>ourth E<\/jats:styled-content>dition (WAIS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010IV<\/jats:styled-content>) cognitive assessments, possible ID<\/jats:styled-content> was defined as E<\/jats:styled-content>xtremely L<\/jats:styled-content>ow I<\/jats:styled-content>ntellectual Q<\/jats:styled-content>uotient range (F<\/jats:styled-content>ull S<\/jats:styled-content>cale I<\/jats:styled-content>ntellectual Q<\/jats:styled-content>uotient, FSIQ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009<\u200970), and possible BIF<\/jats:styled-content> was defined as B<\/jats:styled-content>orderline IQ<\/jats:styled-content> range (FSIQ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009<\u200980). Risk factors for possible ID<\/jats:styled-content> and BIF<\/jats:styled-content> included age, gender, Aboriginality, socio\u2010economic disadvantage, offending history and psychological disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009295 (65%) of all young people in NSW<\/jats:styled-content> custody completed cognitive and psychological assessments (87% male, 50% A<\/jats:styled-content>boriginal, average age 17 years). Almost one half (45.8%) of young people had borderline or lower intellectual functioning (by IQ<\/jats:styled-content> assessment), and 14% had an IQ<\/jats:styled-content> in the extremely low range (FSIQ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009<\u200970), indicating a possible ID<\/jats:styled-content>. Aboriginal participants were three times more likely than non\u2010A<\/jats:styled-content>boriginal participants to have a possible ID<\/jats:styled-content>, but after accounting for the excess disadvantage in the A<\/jats:styled-content>boriginal group, A<\/jats:styled-content>boriginality was no longer a marker of ID<\/jats:styled-content>. Incarceration from a young age and psychosis were significantly associated with possible ID<\/jats:styled-content> in A<\/jats:styled-content>boriginal participants, compared with A<\/jats:styled-content>boriginal participants first incarcerated at a later age, and A<\/jats:styled-content>boriginal participants without psychosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>The inequalities in criminal justice between A<\/jats:styled-content>boriginal and non\u2010A<\/jats:styled-content>boriginal youth may exacerbate or contribute to the intellectual impairment of those incarcerated from a young age. A<\/jats:styled-content>boriginal young people with psychosis are also at high risk of cognitive impairments that might indicate a possible co\u2010morbid ID<\/jats:styled-content>, and these patients should be diverted at court into community assessment services, rather than incarcerated. These results highlight a need for better and earlier identification of young people (particularly A<\/jats:styled-content>boriginal youth) at risk of ID<\/jats:styled-content> and other co\u2010morbidities in the juvenile justice system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,15]],"date-time":"2014-01-15T06:31:14Z","timestamp":1389767474000},"page":"1004-1014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Intellectual disability in young people in custody in N<\/scp>ew S<\/scp>outh W<\/scp>ales, A<\/scp>ustralia \u2013 prevalence and markers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Haysom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adolescent Health Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Indig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research into Criminal Justice Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Gaskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adolescent Health Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics SEIFA(2011)Index of Relative Socio\u2010Economic Advantage and Disadvantage (IRSAD). 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