{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T14:51:15Z","timestamp":1774104675569,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,26]],"date-time":"2014-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01MH064824-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01MH064824-13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J intellect Disabil Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\u2003The primary objective of the current study was to examine the childhood predictors of adolescent reading comprehension in velo\u2010cardio\u2010facial syndrome (VCFS<\/jats:styled-content>). Although much research has focused on mathematics skills among individuals with VCFS<\/jats:styled-content>, no studies have examined predictors of reading comprehension.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>\u200369 late adolescents with VCFS<\/jats:styled-content>, 23 siblings of youth with VCFS<\/jats:styled-content> and 30 community controls participated in a longitudinal research project and had repeat neuropsychological test batteries and psychiatric evaluations every 3 years. The W<\/jats:styled-content>echsler I<\/jats:styled-content>ndividual A<\/jats:styled-content>chievement T<\/jats:styled-content>est \u2013 2nd edition (WIAT\u2010II<\/jats:styled-content>) Reading Comprehension subtest served as our primary outcome variable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>\u2003Consistent with previous research, children and adolescents with VCFS<\/jats:styled-content> had mean reading comprehension scores on the WIAT\u2010II<\/jats:styled-content>, that were approximately two standard deviations below the mean and word reading scores approximately one standard deviation below the mean. A more novel finding is that relative to both control groups, individuals with VCFS<\/jats:styled-content> demonstrated a longitudinal decline<\/jats:italic> in reading comprehension abilities yet a slight increase<\/jats:italic> in word reading abilities. In the combined control sample, WISC\u2010III FSIQ<\/jats:styled-content>, WIAT\u2010II<\/jats:styled-content> Word Reading, WISC\u2010III<\/jats:styled-content> Vocabulary and CVLT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C<\/jats:styled-content> List A Trial 1 accounted for 75% of the variance in Time 3 WIAT\u2010II<\/jats:styled-content> Reading Comprehension scores. In the VCFS<\/jats:styled-content> sample, WISC\u2010III FSIQ<\/jats:styled-content>, BASC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010Teacher Aggression, CVLT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C<\/jats:styled-content> Intrusions, Tower of L<\/jats:styled-content>ondon, V<\/jats:styled-content>isual S<\/jats:styled-content>pan B<\/jats:styled-content>ackwards, WCST<\/jats:styled-content> Non\u2010perseverative Errors, WIAT\u2010II<\/jats:styled-content> Word Reading and WISC\u2010III<\/jats:styled-content> Freedom from Distractibility index accounted for 85% of the variance in Time 3 WIAT\u2010II<\/jats:styled-content> Reading Comprehension scores. A principal component analysis with promax rotation computed on the statistically significant Time 1 predictor variables in the VCFS<\/jats:styled-content> sample resulted in three factors: Word reading decoding\/Interference control, Self\u2010Control\/Self\u2010Monitoring and Working Memory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\u2003Childhood predictors of late adolescent reading comprehension in VCFS<\/jats:styled-content> differ in some meaningful ways from predictors in the non\u2010VCFS<\/jats:styled-content> population. These results offer some guidance for how best to consider intervention efforts to improve reading comprehension in the VCFS<\/jats:styled-content> population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,26]],"date-time":"2014-05-26T10:08:44Z","timestamp":1401098924000},"page":"926-939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Predicting reading comprehension academic achievement in late adolescents with velo\u2010cardio\u2010facial (22q11.2 deletion) syndrome (VCFS<\/scp>): a longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Antshel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Syracuse University Syracuse New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Hier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Syracuse University Syracuse New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Fremont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences SUNY Upstate Medical University Syracuse New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. 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