{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:17:09Z","timestamp":1792113429179,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,21]],"date-time":"2015-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J intellect Disabil Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies have found high rates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) within the criminal justice system (CJS). However, little is understood about prisoners with neurodevelopmental disorders and difficulties (NDD) or their needs. This study aimed to identify prisoners with NDD and compare their characteristics with prisoners without NDD on a range of socio\u2010demographic and social functioning measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a descriptive, cross\u2010sectional study carried out using face\u2010to\u2010face interviews with 240 participants in a London Category C prison. Standardised tools were used to assess prisoners for ADHD, ASD and ID.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study identified 87 prisoners who screened positive for one or more type of NDD. Participants with NDD were significantly younger and more likely to be single [(odds ratio) OR\u2009=\u20092.1], homeless (OR\u2009=\u20093.4) or unemployed (OR\u2009=\u20092.6) before they came into prison. They also had poorer educational achievements that those without NDD. Over 80% of those with NDD had a previous conviction or imprisonment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings confirm the presence of significant numbers of people with NDD in a male prison. Services across the CJS are required for this group; specifically, there is a need for raised awareness among those working in the CJS to improve the recognition of offenders with NDD. Services in the community need to work with individuals with NDD who are at risk of offending, targeting those who are homeless, unemployed and have poor employment opportunities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,22]],"date-time":"2015-10-22T03:31:59Z","timestamp":1445484719000},"page":"201-206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Characteristics of prisoners with neurodevelopmental disorders and difficulties"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience King's College London  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Chaplin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London South Bank University  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Underwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience King's College London  London United Kingdom"},{"name":"Centre for Longitudinal Research University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Forrester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience King's College London  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Hayward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience King's College London  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Sabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience King's College London  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Imperial College London  United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Asherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience, King's College London  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Autism  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology &amp; Neuroscience King's College London  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Adult ADHD Self\u2010Report Scale (ASRS\u2010v1.1) Symptom Checklist","author":"Adler L.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005653411471"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"BrughaT. McManusS. Meltzer H. Smith J. ScottF. J. Purdon S. et al.(2009).Autism spectrum disorders in adults living in households throughout England. Report from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007. NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care: Leeds."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8\u2009years \u2013 autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2010","volume":"63","author":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Surveillance Summaries"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JIDOB-05-2013-0012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","volume-title":"Think Autism. 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