{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:51:25Z","timestamp":1772160685817,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009157","name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["90IF0096\u201001\u201000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90IF0096\u201001\u201000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J intellect Disabil Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although early features of infant cognition are predictive of executive function (EF) in typically developing (TD) children, there is little information regarding the developmental origins of EF in neurogenetic conditions, such as Down syndrome (DS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study compared the performance of infants with and without DS on three dimensions that are hypothesised EF precursors: visual engagement, attention shifting and action planning. Additionally, the relationship between these EF precursors at Time 1 and EF performance at Time 2 (6\u00a0months later) was examined in the DS group. Participants were 36 infants with DS, M chronological age\u00a0=\u00a012.65\u00a0months, SD\u00a0=\u00a02.11; M developmental age\u00a0=\u00a08.84\u00a0months, SD\u00a0=\u00a02.22, and 36 TD infants, M chronological age\u00a0=\u00a08.62, SD\u00a0=\u00a03.06; M developmental age\u00a0=\u00a08.64\u00a0months, SD\u00a0=\u00a03.40.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infants with DS visually engaged with objects for longer durations and demonstrated challenges with action planning compared with TD infants at Time 1. Attention shifting at Time 1 significantly predicted EF performance at Time 2 in the DS group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides evidence that an early atypical presentation of EF precursors is detectable during infancy in DS and is predictive of subsequent EF performance. These findings contribute to the identification of areas of early cognitive risk in DS and can inform future interventions in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T06:04:26Z","timestamp":1614665066000},"page":"108-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Infant precursors of executive function in Down syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5309-339X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. K.","family":"Schworer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6208-456X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. 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