{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:39:55Z","timestamp":1786732795204,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD093754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD093754"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J intellect Disabil Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a critical need for the psychometric evaluation of outcome measures to be used in clinical trials targeting cognition in Down syndrome (DS). This study examines a specific cognitive skill that is of particular importance in DS, working memory, and the psychometric properties of a set of standardised measurements to assess working memory in individuals with DS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ninety children and adolescents ages 6 to 18\u00a0years old with DS were assessed on a selection of verbal and visuospatial working memory subtests of standardised clinical assessments at two time points to examine feasibility, distributional qualities, test\u2013retest reliability and convergent validity against <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic> criteria. Caregivers also completed an adaptive behaviour questionnaire to address working memory subtests' associations with broader developmental functioning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Stanford Binet\u20105 Verbal Working Memory, Differential Ability Scales\u20102 Recognition of Pictures, Stanford Binet\u20105 Nonverbal Working Memory and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u20105 Picture Span measures met the most psychometric criteria overall across the full age and IQ range of the study. Although Differential Ability Scales\u20102 Recall of Sequential Order and Differential Ability Scales\u20102 Recall of Digits Backward met the fewest <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic> criteria, follow\u2010up analyses suggested greater feasibility in specific age and IQ ranges.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several working memory measures appear to be psychometrically sound and appropriate for use in clinical trials for children with DS, especially when focusing on raw scores. However, floor effects on standard scores and feasibility of some measures were problematic. Guidelines for use of the working memory subtests with this population are provided.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T07:42:03Z","timestamp":1616658123000},"page":"195-211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Evaluating working memory outcome measures for children with Down syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5309-339X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. K.","family":"Schworer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2649-7791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. J.","family":"Esbensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati OH USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine  Cincinnati OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6208-456X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. J.","family":"Fidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Development and Family Studies Colorado State University  Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. W.","family":"Beebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine  Cincinnati OH USA"},{"name":"Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Carle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine  Cincinnati OH USA"},{"name":"James M Anderson Center for Health Systems Excellence Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati OH USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Cincinnati  Cincinnati OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Wiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati OH USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine  Cincinnati OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2007.00979.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60452-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8120205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-118.3.179"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12376"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"The Effect Size Index: d","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2007.01015.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of cognitive scales to examine memory, executive function and language in individuals with Down syndrome: implications of a 6\u2010month observational study","volume":"9","author":"d'Ardhuy X. 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