{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:31:32Z","timestamp":1790141492641,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J intellect Disabil Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Poor working memory, lower IQ and maladaptive behaviour form a triple disability known to have negative effects on the academic and social development of children with borderline intellectual functioning (BIF; IQ: 70\u00a0&lt;\u00a0IQ\u00a0&lt;\u00a085) and neuropsychiatric disorders [attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and\/or autism spectrum disorder (ASD)]. Treatment possibilities for these children are scarce and hardly evidence based. This study primarily investigated whether adaptive computerised working memory training (WMT) may lead to significantly more improvement on a non\u2010trained visuospatial WM task compared with a non\u2010adaptive control WMT (placebo) in children with BIF and neuropsychiatric disorders. As secondary outcome measures, we used the scores on several non\u2010trained neuropsychological near\u2010transfer and far\u2010transfer tasks as well as behavioural measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a triple\u2010blind placebo\u2010controlled randomised clinical trial in 72 children (aged 10;0\u201313;11\u00a0years, 53 boys, 19 girls) with BIF and comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders (ADHD\u00a0=\u00a037, ASD\u00a0=\u00a021, both\u00a0=\u00a014) that were referred to child and adolescent psychiatry care, between May 2012 and March 2019. Children completed the Dutch version of Cogmed WMT, either the adaptive training version or the non\u2010adaptive placebo version, 25 sessions (30\u201345 min a day), for 5 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the score on a non\u2010trained visuospatial working memory task. The primary outcome was measured before and directly after 5 weeks of WMT and again 6 months after training.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 375 children were screened for eligibility and 72 were randomised. No significantly higher levels of improvement over time were found on our primary outcome measure in the experimental WMT group compared with the placebo control WMT, nor in the secondary (near\u2010transfer and far\u2010transfer tasks) or tertiary (behavioural measures) outcome measures. However, this study did show changes over time for these measurements for both the experimental and placebo conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was unable to document superior training effects over time of an adaptive WMT in children with BIF and neuropsychiatric disorders, compared with a placebo (non\u2010adaptive) WMT. The objectively documented changes over time in the non\u2010adaptive WMT arm suggest that these children with persistent impairments in WM may benefit from a structured learning environment that is associated with improvement of neurocognitive functioning and coping strategies. Further research is needed to examine which elements of cognitive training may be useful for which specific patients and to study long\u2010term effects of training.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T13:30:27Z","timestamp":1636551027000},"page":"178-194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Working memory training in children with borderline intellectual functioning and neuropsychiatric disorders: a triple\u2010blind randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9835-279X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Roording\u2010Ragetlie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mild Intellectual Disabilities Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Spaltman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mild Intellectual Disabilities Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"de Groot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mild Intellectual Disabilities Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Klip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mild Intellectual Disabilities Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Buitelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mild Intellectual Disabilities Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry  Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour  Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Nijmegen  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Slaats\u2010Willemse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour  Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Denkkracht Department of Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Automated Working: Memory Assessment: Manual","author":"Alloway T. 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