{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:46:21Z","timestamp":1790862381157,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J intellect Disabil Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous research has explored executive functions (EFs) and adaptive behaviour in children and adolescents with Down syndrome (DS), but there is a paucity of research on the relationship between the two in this population. This study aims to shed light on the profile of EFs and adaptive behaviour in DS, exploring the differences by age and investigating the relationship between these two domains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parents\/caregivers of 100 individuals with DS from 3 to 16\u00a0years old participated in the study. The sample was divided into preschoolers (3\u20136.11\u00a0years old) and school\u2010age children (7\u201316\u00a0years old). Parents\/caregivers completed either the Preschool Version of the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function (for children 2\u20136.11\u00a0years old) or the Second Edition of the same Inventory (for individuals 7\u00a0+\u00a0years old). Adaptive behaviour was assessed with the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scale \u2013 Interview, Second Edition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings suggest that individuals with DS have overall difficulties, but also patterns of strength and weakness in their EFs and adaptive behaviour. The preschool\u2010age and school\u2010age children's EF profiles differed slightly. While both age groups showed <jats:italic>Emotional Control<\/jats:italic> as a relative strength and <jats:italic>Working Memory<\/jats:italic> as a weakness, the school\u2010age group revealed further weaknesses in <jats:italic>Shift<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Plan\/Organise<\/jats:italic>. As concerns adaptive behaviour, the profiles were similar in the two age groups, with <jats:italic>Socialisation<\/jats:italic> as a strength, and <jats:italic>Communication<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Daily Living Skills<\/jats:italic> as weaknesses, but with a tendency for preschoolers to obtain intermediate scores for the latter. When the relationship between EFs and adaptive behaviour was explored, <jats:italic>Working Memory<\/jats:italic> predicted <jats:italic>Communication<\/jats:italic> in the younger group, while in the older group the predictors varied, depending on the adaptive domains: <jats:italic>Working Memory<\/jats:italic> was a predictor of <jats:italic>Communication<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Inhibit<\/jats:italic> of <jats:italic>Daily Living Skills<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Inhibit<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Shift<\/jats:italic> of <jats:italic>Socialisation<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>As well as elucidating the EF profiles and adaptive behaviour in individuals with DS by age, this study points to the role of EFs in adaptive functioning, providing important information for targeted interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T09:43:38Z","timestamp":1636451018000},"page":"32-49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Executive functions and adaptive behaviour in individuals with Down syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6565-7500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Onnivello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Colaianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation University of Padova  Padova 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