{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:29:11Z","timestamp":1790069351175,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654646400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP150104369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP150104369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J intellect Disabil Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Research suggests that adults with autism tend to have <jats:italic>poor<\/jats:italic> outcomes. Outcomes have mostly been defined using summary outcome ratings, with less focus on specific outcomes such as employment, living situation, social satisfaction, loneliness, and friendships. This study aimed to explore social and community outcomes, including employment, education, living arrangements, friendships, and social satisfaction, for autistic adults with and without intellectual disability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty\u2010four adults with autism (mean age 34.2\u00a0years, SD\u00a0=\u00a04.5; 67% with co\u2010occurring intellectual disability), recruited as children and adolescents, participated in the current study. Adult social and community inclusion outcomes were explored through interview and questionnaire, both parent\/carer\u2010report and self\u2010report.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants predominantly lived with family or in supported accommodation, did not pursue higher education, and mostly participated in day activity programmes. Most had limited friendships as reported by parents\/carers; however, self\u2010report data (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a028) indicated that adults were largely satisfied with their social relationships. Overall outcome was <jats:italic>poor<\/jats:italic> for 57%, and <jats:italic>good<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>very good<\/jats:italic> for 34%. Adults with intellectual disability generally had poorer outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Autistic adults encountered numerous difficulties in leading an independent life. Adults with co\u2010occurring intellectual disability were most likely to experience difficulties; however, outcomes ranged from <jats:italic>poor<\/jats:italic> to <jats:italic>very good<\/jats:italic> for adults without intellectual disability. Discrepancies in parent\/carer\u2010report and self\u2010reported experiences of friendships highlight the need to ensure individual experiences are captured in addition to parent\/carer\u2010report. Appropriate resources and programmes are crucial for adults with autism to support them to have the choice to live independently.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T06:08:45Z","timestamp":1654754925000},"page":"655-666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Social and community inclusion outcomes for adults with autism with and without intellectual disability in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0473-440X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. A.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4236-9688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. J.","family":"Tonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research University of Warwick  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1804-6053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Howlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. L.","family":"Einfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4265-7433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. J.","family":"Stancliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Disability Research and Policy University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6518-4240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. M.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health Monash University  Clayton Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research University of Warwick  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics(2001)Australian Standard Classification of Education (ASCED)[Online]. 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