{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:12:58Z","timestamp":1787922778699,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021570","name":"Ministerie van Defensie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021570","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J intellect Disabil Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Working memory training (WMT) can offer therapeutic benefits to patients with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) and mild to borderline intellectual disability (MBID). However, consistent evidence for treatment benefits of WMT over placebo training is missing. So far, participants in double\u2010blind research designs did receive non\u2010specific coaching, whereas active coaching based on individual training results might increase the efficacy of WMT. Furthermore, the intensity and duration of WMT is often too stressful for these children. This study therefore investigated whether a less intensive but more prolonged WMT, with active personalised coaching and feedback, would reduce behavioural symptoms and improve neurocognitive functioning and academic achievements in children with NDD and MBID.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A double\u2010blind randomised controlled trial in children (aged 10;0\u201313;11) with MBID (60\u00a0&lt;\u00a0IQ\u00a0&lt;\u00a085) and ADHD and\/or ASD evaluated the effects of a less intensive but prolonged version of the original Cogmed WMT (30\u00a0min a day, 4\u00a0days a week, 8\u00a0weeks in total). Eighteen participants received active, personalised coaching and feedback, based on their actual individual performance during training. Twenty\u2010two received general non\u2010personalised coaching for the same amount of time. Executive functioning, academic achievements and several behavioural measurements were administered, before and after training, with a 6\u2010months follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed a significant effect of time on both primary and secondary outcome measures, indicating that all children improved in working memory performance and other neurocognitive and academic outcomes. The interaction between time and group was not significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was unable to document superior effects of active personalised coaching and feedback compared with general non\u2010personalised coaching and no feedback in an adaptive WMT in children with MBID and NDD. The objectively documented changes over time suggest that for these vulnerable children, a regular, structured and structural contact with a coach and adapted exercises is enough to develop therapy fidelity, boost motivation and improve neurodevelopmental task performance. Further research is needed to examine which possible subgroups within this heterogenic group of children profit more from WMT compared with other subgroups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.13047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T08:13:04Z","timestamp":1686730384000},"page":"842-859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Working memory training in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and intellectual disabilities, the role of coaching: A double\u2010blind randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9835-279X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. 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