{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T16:27:09Z","timestamp":1774542429962,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J intellect Disabil Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Social well\u2010being, including prosocial and peer relationship skills, independence and co\u2010operation, is a particularly important developmental outcome in intellectual disability (ID). The present study investigated pathways to social well\u2010being through the early years' family environment, particularly the role of parental investments in mediating the path from family poverty to child social well\u2010being.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In line with the Family Investment Model (FIM), we tested whether parental investments between 3 and 5\u00a0years of age mediate the impact of family poverty at 9\u00a0months of age on children's social well\u2010being at 7\u00a0years. Structural equation models were fitted to data from 555 children with ID identified from a UK population\u2010based cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings indicated that home learning investments and the structural home environment (though not play) significantly mediated the effect of family poverty on children's social skills, albeit in different directions. While all parental investments reduced in the presence of poverty, the home learning environment appeared to promote social well\u2010being, whereas the structural home environment did not. Sensitivity analyses controlling for co\u2010occurring autism confirmed the pattern of findings. Child gender, ethnicity and parental educational qualifications did not moderate the mediational relationships, suggesting that FIM pathways to social well\u2010being were relevant to all families.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The FIM provides a helpful framework to map developmental pathways for children with an ID. Parental investments related to home learning, the structural home environment and play are reduced in the presence of poverty although their impact on child social well\u2010being appears to differ.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.13082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T00:54:57Z","timestamp":1693443297000},"page":"1354-1366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pathways to social well\u2010being of children with intellectual disability: testing the Family Investment Model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1702-2727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V.","family":"Totsika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Centre for Research in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities University of Warwick  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0495-8270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. P.","family":"Hastings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities University of Warwick  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8781-8486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Hatton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Care and Social Work Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1776-6032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Emerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Disability Research, Division of Health and Medicine Lancaster University  Lancaster UK"},{"name":"Centre for Disability Research and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Sydney  Camperdown NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Statistics and Data Analysis","author":"Allison P. 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