{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:01:56Z","timestamp":1791327716604,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002713","name":"Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J intellect Disabil Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Young children with an intellectual disability have a higher risk of developing challenging behaviour (CB). Early identification of risk factors for CB allows for earlier intervention. The aim of the current study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of CB in preschool\u2010aged children with an intellectual disability in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred twenty parents of preschool\u2010aged (3\u20136\u00a0years old) children who had been diagnosed (DSM\u20105 criteria) with an intellectual disability completed an online cross\u2010sectional survey that included demographic, CB and child adaptive skills measures. The relationship between CB and 15 potential correlates (e.g. gender and degree of disability) was examined using independent samples t\u2010tests and chi\u2010squared tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most preschool\u2010aged (3\u20136\u00a0years old) children with an intellectual disability exhibited CB (78.8%, 95% CI [70.3, 85.8]), with a 63.2% prevalence rate for self\u2010injurious behaviours (95% C [53.8, 72.0]), a 57.6% rate for aggressive destructive behaviours (95% CI [48.2, 66.7]) and a 25% rate for stereotypy (95% CI [17.7, 34.0]). The likelihood of a child engaging in self\u2010injurious and stereotyped behaviours was higher in those with autism and intellectual disability. Children with Down syndrome displayed fewer stereotyped behaviours. Low adaptive skill levels were associated with increased overall CB, self\u2010injurious and stereotyped behaviours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The identified correlates of CB in this population and cultural context align with the international evidence base. Findings have implications for the importance of early systematic screening of CB in preschool\u2010aged children in Saudi Arabia and other similar contexts. Preventative measures are suggested for preschool\u2010aged children with an intellectual disability who are more likely to demonstrate CB, such as those with autism and poor adaptive behaviours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.13109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T18:59:15Z","timestamp":1701802755000},"page":"264-276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Challenging behaviour and its correlates in preschool\u2010aged children with an intellectual disability in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6477-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Alarifi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Faculty of Social Sciences University of Warwick  Coventry UK"},{"name":"Special Education Department, College of Education Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University  Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8591-2898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Denne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Faculty of Social Sciences University of Warwick  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0495-8270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. 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