{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:11:13Z","timestamp":1791231073429,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]],"date-time":"2023-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SC2HD103587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SC2HD103587"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J intellect Disabil Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spatial abilities are fundamental cognitive abilities, have direct applications in daily life, serve as a cognitive foundation for many other complex skills and are used in many specialty jobs. The current study aimed to systematically and comprehensively evaluate the spatial abilities of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) relative to mental ability\u2010matched typically developing (TD) children based on Newcombe and Shipley's double\u2010dimension theoretical framework for classifying spatial abilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty adolescents and young adults with DS and 40 TD children completed a nonverbal intelligence test (Raven's), two measures of static\u2013extrinsic skills (water\u2010level task and cart task), two measures of static\u2013intrinsic skills (figure ground and form completion), two measures of dynamic\u2013extrinsic skills (three mountains task and dog task) and two measures of dynamic\u2013intrinsic spatial skills (mental rotation task and block design task).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants with DS showed reduced performance on two dynamic\u2013intrinsic tasks and one static\u2013extrinsic task (i.e. cart task) relative to TD children. Performances were similar in two dynamic\u2013extrinsic tasks and two static\u2013intrinsic tasks. Analyses of composite accuracy for each spatial category further confirmed deficits in dynamic\u2013intrinsic and static\u2013extrinsic categories for people with DS relative to TD children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results showed an uneven profile of spatial abilities in people with DS relative to ability\u2010matched TD children with particular weaknesses in comprehending and manipulating dynamic\u2013intrinsic and static\u2013extrinsic spatial relations. Furthermore, our research has important clinical implications for more targeted interventions to improve spatial abilities in people with DS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.13111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]],"date-time":"2023-12-10T22:19:31Z","timestamp":1702246771000},"page":"223-236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A profile of spatial abilities in people with Down syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Bracken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Montclair State University  Montclair NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3053-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Hauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Montclair State University  Montclair NJ USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Rutgers University \u2013 New Brunswick  New Brunswick NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Grinshpun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Montclair State University  Montclair NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Lasc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Montclair State University  Montclair NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Hershkovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Montclair State University  Montclair NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7653-0601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Montclair State University  Montclair NJ USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2010.01022.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Visuospatial Processing in Williams Syndrome and Down Syndrome","author":"Bihrle A. 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