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This literature review examines those associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A scoping review of four databases was conducted to examine associations between sensory impairments and cognitive or behavioural outcomes in individuals with DS. Study evidence was assessed based on design, sample size, assessment modalities and statistical significance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 1471 studies screened, 38 met inclusion criteria. Hearing impairments were associated with delays in language and motor development during infancy, lower overall cognitive ability and social communication difficulties in childhood and reduced adaptive functioning and intellectual decline in adulthood. Visual impairments were linked to learning difficulties in childhood and to declines in adaptive behaviour, visual\u2010motor integration and cognitive performance in adulthood. Subdomains of cognitive functioning such as memory, reasoning or processing speed were not reported for adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Uncorrected hearing and visual impairments in individuals with DS are associated with a range of cognitive and behavioural outcomes across the lifespan. The strongest associations were observed between hearing impairments and language delays in infancy and childhood, and between visual impairments and adaptive behaviour challenges in childhood and adulthood. Sensory impairments were associated with challenges in similar domains\u2014particularly language, adaptive functioning and learning\u2014across the lifespan. This suggests a potential continuity of these associations over time and that long\u2010standing uncorrected impairments may be associated with reduced cognitive reserve and increased vulnerability to decline\u2014highlighting the need for early identification and intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.13248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T08:00:53Z","timestamp":1747382453000},"page":"753-780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cognitive and Behavioural Associations of Visual and Hearing Impairments Across the Lifespan in People With Down Syndrome, a Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4016-886X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolo\u00a0J.","family":"Betoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine University of California  Irvine USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia\u00a0M.","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine University of California  Irvine USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ira\u00a0T.","family":"Lott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics &amp; Neurology University of California  Irvine USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christy\u00a0L.","family":"Hom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry &amp; Human Behavior University of California  Irvine USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/18146627.2022.2158352"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195\u2010022\u201001064\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Betoni N. 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