{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T18:16:20Z","timestamp":1783016180596,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J intellect Disabil Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The developmental and cognitive profile of Down syndrome (DS) has been studied across various age groups, but we have still a limited understanding of the preschool\u2010age range, including the domains that show the greatest variability at this age. Our study aims to (1) define the developmental profile in preschool\u2010age children with DS and (2) explore variability within domains of functioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed 43 preschool\u2010aged children with DS (38\u201376\u2009months) using the Griffiths\u2010III scales. This tool assesses development across five scales: Foundations of Learning, Language and Communication, Eye and Hand Coordination, Personal\u2013Social\u2013Emotional and Gross Motor Skills. We employed multivariate linear models for analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analyses revealed a peaks\u2010and\u2010valleys profile, with higher scores in the Personal\u2013Social\u2013Emotional and Gross Motor domains compared to the Foundations of Learning, Language and Communication and Eye and Hand Coordination scales. Notably, high interindividual variability was observed in the Language and Communication and Personal\u2013Social\u2013Emotional domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings identify strengths and weaknesses in specific domains within the preschool\u2010aged range and show higher variability in the verbal and personal\u2013social\u2013emotional domains. All this information offers valuable insights for early intervention planning, supporting parents, caregivers, and stakeholders in promoting optimal development in children with DS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.70126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T14:25:09Z","timestamp":1780410309000},"page":"881-886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developmental Profile and Variability in Preschool\u2010Age Children With Down Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6565-7500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Onnivello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ramacieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Science (DIMEC) University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"},{"name":"Specialist School of Child Neuropsychiatry University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria\u00a0Chiara","family":"Pelleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) University of Bologna  Bologna 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Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal Comfort Care and Assistance to the Newborn with Congenital Malformations Unit, Department of Neonatology IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero\u2010Universitaria di Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Strippoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM) University of Bologna  Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2470-6019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Lanfranchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization University of Padova  Padova 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