{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:12:35Z","timestamp":1788365555180,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014475","name":"Pfizer Health Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18H01103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H01103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014475","name":"Pfizer Health Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K18554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K18554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014475","name":"Pfizer Health Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21KK0041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KK0041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J intellect Disabil Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Williams syndrome (WS) is a relatively rare neurodevelopmental condition characterised by distinctive cognitive and behavioural phenotypes, including restricted and repetitive behaviours (RRBs). Although cross\u2010cultural studies suggest that caregiver reports of autism\u2010related RRBs may be culturally subjective, little is known about whether caregiver\u2010reported RRB profiles in WS are similar across cultural contexts. Additionally, because RRB profiles may vary with age, examining cross\u2010sectional age\u2010related patterns is important. This study explored between\u2010country variation and cross\u2010sectional age\u2010related patterns in caregiver\u2010reported Repetitive Behaviour Questionnaire (RBQ) scores among individuals with WS in the United Kingdom and Japan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighty primary caregivers of individuals with WS from Japan (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200940) and the United Kingdom (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200940) completed the Repetitive Behaviour Questionnaire (RBQ). Bayesian negative binomial regression models were used to examine between\u2010country differences and cross\u2010sectional age\u2010related associations in caregiver\u2010reported RBQ total, sensory\/motor and sameness\/circumscribed interests scores.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>UK caregivers reported directionally higher Total RBQ and Sameness\/Circumscribed Interests scores than Japanese caregivers, with the clearest contrast observed for the Sameness\/Circumscribed Interests domain. No clear evidence of a between\u2010country difference was found for caregiver\u2010reported Sensory\/Motor Behaviours scores, although a weak directional tendency toward higher UK scores was observed. Moreover, age showed weak cross\u2010sectional negative trends for total RBQ and Sensory\/Motor Behaviours scores, although these estimates were imprecise and were attenuated in the verbal mental age\u2010adjusted analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings are consistent with previous studies of caregiver\u2010reported RRBs among autistic individuals, suggesting that insistence on sameness and circumscribed interests may be reported differently across cultural contexts. In WS, caregiver\u2010reported RBQ profiles may vary by cultural context and show tentative cross\u2010sectional age\u2010related patterns, highlighting the need to consider contextual and developmental factors when interpreting parent\u2010report measures of these behaviours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.70133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T05:42:48Z","timestamp":1782711768000},"page":"923-934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Repetitive Behaviours in Williams Syndrome: A Cross\u2010Cultural Comparison Between the United Kingdom and Japan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2298-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Hirai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics Nagoya University  Nagoya Aichi Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Jichi Medical University  Tochigi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Asada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sociology Toyo University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4994-4339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Hanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Durham University  Durham UK"},{"name":"Centre for Neurodiversity and Development Durham University  Durham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5747-8441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Riby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Durham University  Durham UK"},{"name":"Centre for Neurodiversity and Development Durham University  Durham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2018.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.172.3.273"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.20416"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"British Picture Vocabulary Scale","author":"Dunn L. 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