{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:07:04Z","timestamp":1788923224876,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD093754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD093754"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001673","name":"Fondation J\u00e9r\u00f4me Lejeune","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001673","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J intellect Disabil Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Cat\/Dog Stroop task is a modification of the original Stroop task as a measure of cognitive inhibition frequently used in studies of individuals with Down syndrome (DS). There is great heterogeneity in scoring mechanisms for this task and similar Stroop tasks, potentially impacting convergence of and interpretation of study findings. We review scoring mechanisms used with the Stroop task in the general population and those that are used among individuals with DS to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of these scoring mechanisms in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed the literature to identify current scoring mechanisms used for the original Stroop task and for the Cat\/Dog Stroop task among individuals with DS. Using a sample of 146 children and adults with DS ages 6\u201329\u2009years who completed the Cat\/Dog Stroop, we independently modelled the identified scoring mechanisms. Scoring mechanisms were assessed for skew, kurtosis and normality as assessed through the Anderson\u2013Darling test with the full sample and by age bands.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight distinct scoring mechanisms were identified that could be used with the conditions present in the Cat\/Dog Stroop task. Six of these eight scoring mechanisms had been used in studies of individuals with DS, with the remaining two mechanisms not yet applied to Cat\/Dog Stroop in individuals with DS. Of these scoring mechanisms, one mechanism consistently emerged across stratified age groups as approximating normality for the Cat\/Dog Stroop task based on skewness, kurtosis and tests of normality in a sample of individuals with DS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For consistency in how the Cat\/Dog Stroop task is scored for children and adults with DS, we recommend that the number of correct responses in the incongruent condition should be divided by completion time in the incongruent condition. Additionally, for adults, incongruent completion time minus the congruent completion time or incongruent completion time divided by congruent completion time may also be appropriate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.70139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:11:48Z","timestamp":1783077108000},"page":"1051-1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating Scoring Mechanisms for Measuring the Stroop Effect in Individuals With Down Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9316-2997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Denne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio 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College of Medicine  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2649-7791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.\u00a0J.","family":"Esbensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine  Cincinnati Ohio 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