{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:56:17Z","timestamp":1791356177128,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J intellect Disabil Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reading comprehension in individuals with intellectual disabilities is shaped by linguistic complexity and cognitive processing demands. Easy\u2010to\u2010Read (E2R) adaptations aim to reduce these demands, yet empirical evidence on their effects in narrative texts remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines how E2R adaptations of Spanish short stories affect reading comprehension. Thirty\u2010seven adults with intellectual disabilities completed comprehension assessments for 11 texts in their original and adapted versions under a partially crossed, unbalanced within\u2010subject design. Directional changes in comprehension (improvement, maintenance or worsening) were modelled using a cumulative logistic mixed\u2010effects framework accounting for variability across both participants and texts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>E2R adaptations most frequently maintained comprehension and did not lead to systematic improvement or deterioration. However, both improvement and worsening occurred with nonzero probability, and variability was observed across participants and texts. Fewer syntactic difficulties were reported in the adapted versions, whereas lexical challenges persisted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>E2R adaptations do not produce uniform gains in comprehension, and their outcomes vary across readers and narrative materials. These findings provide empirical evidence to refine the application of accessibility guidelines to narrative texts and inform the evaluation of manual and automatic text adaptation approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.70189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:44:57Z","timestamp":1791355497000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reading Comprehension in Adults With Intellectual Disabilities: Effects of Easy\u2010to\u2010Read Adaptations in Spanish Short Stories"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3967-0672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isam","family":"Diab\u2010Lozano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontology Engineering Group (OEG) Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Carmen Su\u00e1rez\u2010Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontology Engineering Group (OEG) Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7735-477X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arminda","family":"Moreno\u2010D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","volume-title":"Easy\u2010to\u2010Read. Guidelines and Recommendations for the Production of Documents (UNE 153101:2018 EX)","author":"AENOR","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","series-title":"Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470594001","volume-title":"Analysis of Ordinal Categorical Data","author":"Agresti A.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"1202","article-title":"La Lectura F\u00e1cil y el Placer de la Lectura Literaria en Personas Con Discapacidad Intelectual","volume":"27","author":"Alc\u00e1zar Colilla J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tavira: Revista Electr\u00f3nica de Formaci\u00f3n de Profesorado en Comunicaci\u00f3n Ling\u00fc\u00edstica y Literaria"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4321\/S1137-66272008000300004","article-title":"Validaci\u00f3n de la Escala Inflesz Para Evaluar la Legibilidad de los Textos Dirigidos a Pacientes","volume":"31","author":"Barrio\u2010Cantalejo I. M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","unstructured":"Bott S. L.Rello B.Drndarevic andH.Saggion.2012. \u201cCan Spanish Be Simpler? LexSiS: Lexical Simplification for Spanish.\u201d InProceedings of Coling 2012 COLING 2012 Organizing Committee pp.357\u2013374."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.12520"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","unstructured":"Christensen R. H. B.2025. \u201cOrdinal\u2014Regression Models for Ordinal Data.\u201d R Package Version 2025.12\u201029."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"Diab I. M. C.Su\u00e1rez\u2010Figueroa andC.Guerra.2025. \u201cIn Dialogue With Users: Co\u2010Designing AlicIA an Application for the Adaptation of Short Stories in Spanish Into Easier Versions.\u201d InProceedings of the XXV International Conference on Human\u2010Computer Interaction (Interacci\u00f3n 2025) 4000 CEUR Workshop Proceedings pp.1\u201315.https:\/\/ceur\u2010ws.org\/Vol\u20104000\/paper10.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","volume-title":"Information for all. European Standards for Making Information Easy to Read and Understand","author":"Europe I.","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12065","article-title":"Easy\u2010to\u2010Read Texts for Students With Intellectual Disability: Linguistic Factors Affecting Comprehension","volume":"27","author":"Fajardo I.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities: JARID"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.01.006","article-title":"Towards Text Simplification for Poor Readers With Intellectual Disability: When Do Connectives Enhance Text Cohesion","volume":"34","author":"Fajardo I.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Medidas Sencillas de Lecturabilidad","volume":"1959","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez Huerta J.","year":"1959","journal-title":"Consigna (Revista Pedag\u00f3gica de la Secci\u00f3n Femenina de Falange ET y de las JONS)"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u00bfCu\u00e1les Son las T\u00e9cnicas de Recogida de Informaci\u00f3n","volume":"3","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez N\u00fa\u00f1ez L.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Butllet\u00ed LaRecerca Fichas Para Investigadores"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u00bfC\u00f3mo se Elabora un Cuestionario","volume":"8","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez N\u00fa\u00f1ez L.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Butllet\u00ed LaRecerca. Fichas Para Investigadores"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","volume-title":"Sommaren Med Monika","author":"Fogelstr\u00f6m P. A.","year":"1968"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/002205748316500103","article-title":"The Importance of the Act of Reading","volume":"165","author":"Freire P.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-023-00975-2","article-title":"Empirical Evaluation of Easy Language Recommendations: A Systematic Literature Review From Journal Research in Catalan, English, and Spanish","volume":"23","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Sord\u00e9 M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Universal Access in the Information Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.101.3.371","article-title":"Constructing Inferences During Narrative Text Comprehension","volume":"101","author":"Graesser A. C.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","volume-title":"Metodolog\u00eda de la Investigaci\u00f3n","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez Sampieri R.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Cohessi\u00f3n y Comprensi\u00f3n","volume":"4","author":"Irwin J. W.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lectura y Vida"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","volume-title":"La Evaluaci\u00f3n de la Comprensi\u00f3n Lectora: Un Enfoque Cognitivo","author":"Johnston P.","year":"1989"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.95.2.163","article-title":"The Role of Knowledge in Discourse Comprehension: A Construction\u2010Integration Model","volume":"95","author":"Kintsch W.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","first-page":"148","article-title":"Reading Performance in Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disability (IDD) When They Read Different Kinds of Texts","volume":"12","author":"Le\u00f3n J. A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychology in Russia: State of the Art"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00073.x","article-title":"The Function of Fiction Is the Abstraction and Simulation of Social Experience","volume":"3","author":"Mar R. A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Leer Ficci\u00f3n es Bueno Para el Desarrollo Cognitivo, Emocional y Social de los Ni\u00f1os","author":"Nikolajeva M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Repensando la Did\u00e1ctica de la Lengua y la Literatura: Paradigmas y L\u00edneas Emergentes de Investigaci\u00f3n. (Visor ling\u00fc\u00edstica; 25)"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for Easy\u2010to\u2010Read Materials","author":"Nomura M.","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/19388077709557389","article-title":"Comprehension and Cloze Performance","volume":"17","author":"Page W. D.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Reading World"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","unstructured":"Posit Software PBC.2026. \u201cRstudio: Integrated Development Environment for r.\u201d Version 2026.01.1."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.2022. \u201cR: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.\u201d R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","unstructured":"Ramos Guti\u0301rrez J. A.2002. \u201cEnse\u00f1anza de la Comprensi\u00f3n Lectora a Personas con D\u00e9ficits Cognitivos.\u201dhttps:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/20.500.14352\/62921."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","first-page":"714","volume-title":"Lectura y Dificultades Lectoras en el Siglo XXI","author":"Rivero\u2010Contreras M.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","volume-title":"M\u00e9todos de Investigaci\u00f3n","author":"Salkind N. J.","year":"1999"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/jppi.12201","article-title":"The Evidence for Easy\u2010Read for People With Intellectual Disabilities: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"13","author":"Sutherland R. J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","unstructured":"Szigriszt Pazos F.1992. \u201cSistemas Predictivos de Legibilidad del Mensaje Escrito: F\u00f3rmula de Perspicuidad.\u201d Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation Madrid Spain."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.12.014","article-title":"Who Do You Refer to? How Young Students With Mild Intellectual Disability Confront Anaphoric Ambiguities in Texts and Sentences","volume":"38","author":"Tavares G.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","first-page":"415","article-title":"\u201cCloze Procedure\u201d: A New Tool for Measuring Readability","volume":"30","author":"Taylor W. L.","year":"1953","journal-title":"Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","volume-title":"Materiales de Lectura Sencillos Para Adultos: Preparaci\u00f3n y Empleo","author":"UNESCO","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly.2006. \u201cConvention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities.\u201d Adopted 13 December 2006 Entered Into Force 3 May 2008. United Nations Treaty Series vol. 2515 p. 3. Resolution A\/RES\/61\/106."},{"issue":"43","key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the Tidyverse","volume":"4","author":"Wickham H.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.70195","article-title":"Easy Read Health Information for People With Intellectual Disabilities: A Systematic Review of the Evidence","volume":"39","author":"Wilson H.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.123.2.162","article-title":"Situation Models in Language Comprehension and Memory","volume":"123","author":"Zwaan R. A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jir.70189","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jir.70189","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jir.70189","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:45:04Z","timestamp":1791355504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jir.70189"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jir.70189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jir.70189","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0964-2633","1365-2788"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0964-2633","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2788","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jir.70189"}}