{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T06:30:15Z","timestamp":1786429815475,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25K20734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K20734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Japan Journal Nursing Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Self\u2010Compassion\u2010Based Childbirth and Parenting Preparation Program (SCPPP) for newly expecting couples is designed to activate self\u2010compassion at challenging moments, induce calm, and enhance co\u2010parenting motivation during the perinatal period. However, how the program affects participants' learning processes remains unknown. This study aimed to clarify the working mechanisms of the SCPPP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 2022 and 2023, a total of 18 participants (9 couples) were recruited in Japan through obstetric checkups and snowball sampling. They attended 5\u2010week prenatal and 1\u2010day postnatal online programs, wherein they learned about self\u2010compassion and discussed its use with their partners and group members. Their narratives, psychological measurements, and observational data obtained from the online sessions were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using a realist evaluation approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five prenatal mechanisms were identified: (1) Acknowledge the comfort of learning in a group; (2) Start self\u2010talk; (3) Slow down practices by recalling the safety guidelines; (4) Explore the meaning of learning self\u2010compassion; and (5) Expand self\u2010focused perspectives by listening to partner and group members. Additionally, four postnatal mechanisms were identified: (1) Recall one's trajectory; (2) Incorporate one's learning with the new life through time spent experiencing mutual support within the group; (3) Try to shift the viewpoint from a single\u2010minded focus on childcare; and (4) Make meaning of one's learning experiences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that the SCPPP may work under mechanisms that follow adult learning and attachment theories, and that these mechanisms may be essential in a self\u2010compassion\u2010based program for expecting couples transitioning to parenthood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study has been registered in the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCT1030220453).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jjns.70057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T08:11:41Z","timestamp":1780042301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Working mechanisms of the self\u2010compassion\u2010based childbirth and parenting preparation program: A realist evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4989-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miyuki","family":"Muramoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Nursing, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Global Nursing Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2000-8523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Nursing, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Global Nursing Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Critical realism for health and illness research \u2013 A practical introduction","author":"Alderson P.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4992\/jjpsy.85.50"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203094556"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2007.02974.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01926187.2019.1708832"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-016-0628-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199503000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44202-024-00287-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","volume-title":"Teaching the Mindful Self\u2010Compassion Program: A guide for professionals","author":"Germer C.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-016-0507-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001096"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3418\/jjam.JJAM-2018-0020"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"The process by which primiparas giving meaning to cesarean\u2010section childbirth experience","volume":"62","author":"Iijima Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Maternal Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-020-01401-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","volume-title":"Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development","author":"Kolb D. 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