{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T01:07:11Z","timestamp":1778893631940,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2922,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Law. Med. Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The foregoing, both appearing in early 2012, represent very different understandings about the significance of being substantially overweight and possible responses. The first focuses on being fat as the problem. 3 The solution is weight loss or, better still, prevention of weight gain. Of particular note is the plight of obese children and their physical ailments and psychological stress because of bullying by other children and embarrassment in wider society. The second underscores the enormous difficulty of losing weight and, even more so, of maintaining any such reduction. Being fat may give rise to problems. But the greatest difficulty may be in not accepting that most people who become fat will remain fat. That denial stymies efforts to foster the healthiest state possible for the obese and to create effective prevention programs, especially for children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]],"date-time":"2015-10-13T08:55:46Z","timestamp":1444726546000},"page":"28-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Law as a Tool in \u201cThe War on Obesity\u201d: Useful Interventions, Maybe, But, First, What's the Problem?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"W. A.","family":"Bogart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib21","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cWeight Science: Evaluating the Evidence for a Paradigm Shift,\u201d","volume":"10","author":"Bacon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrition Journal"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib60","unstructured":"60. Id., at 64 (emphasis added)."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib28","unstructured":"28. Deford, F. , journalist, quoted in Farrell, , supra note 15, at 9."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib82","unstructured":"82. Makiw, M. , \u201cCan a Soda Tax Save Us From Ourselves?\u201d New York Times, June 6, 2010, at Business Week 4."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17477166.2011.606321"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib41","unstructured":"41. See Seeman, and Luciani, , supra note 8."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib31","unstructured":"31. Id., at 88."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib72","unstructured":"72. Id."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib67","unstructured":"67. See supra, IV. The Heavy Hand of the State."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib3","unstructured":"3. \u201cObese\u201d is used by health professionals and others to describe those who are significantly overweight. \u201cFat\u201d is used by those who critique conventional understandings of the causes and consequences of individuals being large. This paper uses both terms as a reflection of such controversies."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib19","unstructured":"19. Id., at Section III. c) Stigma, Shame, and Fat."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib103","unstructured":"103. RO? will contain a separate discussion of the Internet and marketing to children."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib52","unstructured":"52. See Bacon, and Aphramor, , supra note 21, at 8."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib79","unstructured":"79. See Brownell, , supra note 70, at 1604 (Public Health)."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMhpr0905723"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib2","unstructured":"2. Parker-Pope, T. , \u201cThe Fat Trap,\u201d New York Times, January 1, 2012, available at <http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/01\/01\/magazine\/tara-parker-pope-fat-trap.html?pagewanted=all> (last visited March 4, 2013)."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.48.5.799","article-title":"\u201cFast-Food Consumption and the Ban on Advertising Targeting Children: The Quebec Experience,\u201d","volume":"48","author":"Dhar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib96","unstructured":"96. Id., at 5, 7."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/655916"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib50","unstructured":"50. See Section III. c) 2. iii. Healthy at Every Size (HAES)."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520934467"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib30","unstructured":"30. See Seeman, and Luciani, , supra note 8, at 73."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4337\/9781849808620"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib69","unstructured":"69. Bittman, M. , \u201cBad Food? Tax It,\u201d New York Times, Sunday Review, July 24, 2011, at 6."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib65","unstructured":"65. Id., at 481 and Section III. c) 2. iii. Healthy at Every Size (HAES)."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib63","unstructured":"63. Id., at 468 and following."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e443","DOI":"10.3109\/17477166.2010.526222","article-title":"\u201cFood Marketing on Children's Television in Two Different Policy Environments,\u201d","volume":"6","author":"Kent","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Pediatric Obesity"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib73","volume-title":"Sugar\u2013Sweetened Beverage Taxes and Public Health","year":"2009"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib77","unstructured":"77. Id., at 413."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib49","unstructured":"49. Burgard, D. , \u201cWhat Is \u2018Health at Every Size\u2019?\u201d in Rothblum, E. and Solovay, S. , supra note 15, at 44."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib51","unstructured":"51. See Farrell, , supra note 15, at 11\u201313."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.28.5.w822"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib86","unstructured":"86. See Guthman, , supra note 15, at Chapter 6: Does Farm Policy Make You Fat?. RO will contain a separate discussion of subsidies."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-2009-051"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib56","unstructured":"56. See Seeman, and Luciani, , supra note 8."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib74","first-page":"1242","article-title":"\u201cTaxing Food: Implications for Public Health Nutrition,\u201d","volume":"88","author":"Caraher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Nutrition"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib53","volume-title":"Winner Take All Politics","author":"Hacker","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib17","unstructured":"17. Id., at Section c) The Physical Health Problems Related to Obesity Are Misrepresented."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib71","unstructured":"71. Id., at 1603\u20131604."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Gaesser, G. , \u201cIs \u2018Permanent Weight Loss\u2019 an Oxymoron?\u201d in Rothblum, E. and Solovay, S. , supra note 15, at 37, 39.","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9780814777435.003.0009"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib32","unstructured":"32. See Rhode, , supra note 15, at 42."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib29","first-page":"55","article-title":"\u201cThe Epidemiology of Overweight and Obese,\u201d","volume":"35","author":"Rhode","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib66","unstructured":"66. Id., at 100."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib58","unstructured":"58. See Seeman, and Luciani, , supra note 8, at 64."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib102","unstructured":"102. Id., at 811."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib98","unstructured":"98. Id., at 810."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib48","unstructured":"48. See RO, supra note 10, at Chapter 3: Appearance Bias \u2013 Fat Rights."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib20","unstructured":"20. Id., at Section III. c) 2 Responses."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S1073110500018611_bib81.1","unstructured":"81. Hartocollis, A. , \"Failure of State Soda Tax Plan Reflects Power of Antitax Message,\" New York Times, July 3, 2012, at A12"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S1073110500018611_bib81.2","unstructured":"Neuman, W. , \"Save the Children Backs Away from Soda Tax Campaigns,\" New York Times, December 15, 2012, at B1."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib89","unstructured":"89. Consumer Protection Act, RSQ, c P-40.1 \u00a7 248\u2013249, 87\u201391 (1978)."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/9780772786296"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib7","unstructured":"7. Committee on Obesity Prevention Policies for Young Children, Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies, Institute of the National Academies (Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2011): at 19 (hereinafter cited as Early Childhood Obesity Prevention)."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib101","unstructured":"101. Id."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib37","unstructured":"37. See Bogart, , supra note 27, at Chapter 3: Excessive Consumption and Normativity."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib68","volume-title":"Multi\u2013Party Litigation: The Strategic Context","author":"McIntosh","year":"2009"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib90","unstructured":"90. Id., at \u00a7 248. See also \u00a7 249."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib22","unstructured":"22. See Rhode, , supra note 15, at 105."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib16","unstructured":"16. See RO?, supra note 10, at Section IV. Is Being Fat Like Being Short? b) The Rates of Obesity are Exaggerated."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib43","unstructured":"43. See RO?, supra note 10, at Chapter 7: Encouraging Children at Play! V. Playgrounds, School Yards, Games, and Sports b) V. Vouchers to the Rescue?: The Canadian Children's Fitness Tax Credit. See also Seeman, and Luciani, , supra note 8, at 106\u2013147 (Chapter 4: \u201cHealthy Living Vouchers\u201d)."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib83","unstructured":"83. Parker\u2013Pope, T. , \u201cMoney Is Tight, and Junk Food Beckons,\u201d New York Times, November 4, 2008, at D6; Brody, J. , \u201cEating Well on a Downsized Food Budget,\u201d New York Times, March 3, 2009, at D7."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib62","unstructured":"62. Id., at 467."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib26","unstructured":"26. \u201cFat shame\u201d is the title of a prominent work addressing many of the issues discussed in this subsection: see Farrell, , supra note 15."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib14","unstructured":"14. See Seeman, and Luciani, , supra note 8, at 23."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib42","unstructured":"42. Id., at 45 and accompanying text."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/002224379002700406","article-title":"\u201cA Quasi-Experiment Assessing the Effectiveness of TV Advertising Directed to Children,\u201d","volume":"27","author":"Goldberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib64","unstructured":"64. Id., at 474. Some similar positions are taken by Guthman, , supra note 15."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S1073110500018611_bib78.1","unstructured":"78. Hartocollis, A. , \"City Seeking to Wean Poor from Sodas,\" New York Times, October 7, 2010, at A1, A28"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S1073110500018611_bib78.2","unstructured":"Hartocollis, A. , \"Plan to Ban Food Stamps for Sodas Has Hurdles,\" New York Times, October 8, 2010, at A19."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib59","unstructured":"59. Id., at 62."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib91","unstructured":"91. Attorney General of Quebec v. Irwin Toy Ltd. , 1 SCR 927, 988 Can (1989)."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib57","unstructured":"57. See Section III. c) 2. i. Fight Stigma\u2013Battle Weight."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib85","unstructured":"85. See Andreyeva, et al., supra note 76, at 416; see also Brownell, and Frieden, , supra note 75, at 1806\u20131807."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib27","volume-title":"Permit But Discourage: Regulating Excessive Consumption","author":"Bogart","year":"2011"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib55","unstructured":"55. See Oliver, , supra note 15, at 144\u2013145; see Caulfield, , supra note 6, at 46 and following."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib80","unstructured":"80. Id., at 1602."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib11","unstructured":"11. See Seeman, and Luciani, , supra note 8, at 9\u201315."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib36","unstructured":"36. Kay, B. , \u201cHigh Esteem Won't Cure Obesity's Ills,\u201d National Post (Canada), February 11, 2012, available at <http:\/\/fullcomment.nationalpost.com\/2012\/02\/11\/barbara-kay-high-esteem-wont-cure-obesitys-ills\/> (last visited February 21, 2013)."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib38","unstructured":"38. Id."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0902392","article-title":"\u201cOunces of Prevention\u2013The Public Policy Case for Taxes on Sugared Beverages,\u201d","volume":"360","author":"Brownell","year":"2009","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib84","unstructured":"84. See Sweetened, Sugar , supra note 73, at 2."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib39","unstructured":"39. See Guthman, , supra note 15, at Chapter 7: Will Fresh, Local, Organic Food Make You Thin?."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib1","unstructured":"1. Campos, P. , \u201cAnti-Obesity Ads Won't Work by Telling Kids to Stop Being Fat,\u201d Daily Beast (United States), January 4, 2012, available at <http:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/articles\/2012\/01\/04\/anti-obesity-ads-won-t-work-by-telling-fat-kids-to-stop-being-fat.html> (last visited February 21, 2013)."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2011.03.013"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib5","unstructured":"5. For example, Vastag, B. and Aizenman, N. , \u201cNew Tactic in War on Obesity: Attack Portion Size,\u201d Washington Post, June 2, 2012, available at <http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/national\/health-science\/new-tactic-in-war-on-obesity-attack-portion-size\/2012\/06\/02\/gJQA4wzi9U_story.html> (last visited February 21, 2013); Eng, M. , \u201cFruit Juice Targeted in the War on Obesity,\u201d Chicago Tribune, May 24, 2012, available at <http:\/\/articles.chicagotribune.com\/2012-05-24\/news\/ct-met-war-on-fruit-juice-20120524_1_juice-consumption-fruit-juice-juice-products-association> (last visited February 21, 2013); \u201cWeight of the Nation' Declares War on Obesity,\u201d CNN, May 8, 2012, available at <http:\/\/thechart.blogs.cnn.com\/2012\/05\/08\/weight-of-the-nation-declares-war-on-obesity\/> (last visited February 21, 2013)."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib6","volume-title":"The Cure For Everything!: Untangling The Twisted Messages about Health, Fitness, and Happiness","author":"Caulfield","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib100","unstructured":"100. Id."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib99","unstructured":"99. Id."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib40","unstructured":"40. See Puhl, and Heuer, , supra note 24, at 1019\u20131028."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib46","unstructured":"46. Id., at xiii."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib104","unstructured":"104. See Bogart, , supra note 27, at Chapter 2\u2013Legal Intervention, the Regulatory Mix, and the Impact of Law."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib87","volume-title":"Marketing Obesity: Junk Food, Advertising and Kids","author":"Jolly","year":"2011"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib45","unstructured":"45. Wann, M. , \u201cForward\u2013Fat Studies: An Invitation to Revolution,\u201d in Rothblum, E. and Solovay, S. , supra note 15, at ix."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib97","unstructured":"97. See Dhar, and Baylis, , supra note 95."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib12","unstructured":"12. Id., at 16\u201317."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib47","unstructured":"47. See Kirkland, , supra note 15; Rhode, , supra note 15: Rhode is also supportive of legal interventions that would be guided by an approach like the one taken by the Health at Every Size Model (HAES) (see infra, iii.); Rhode, , id., at Chapter 7: Strategies for Change (however, her emphasis is on protection from appearance bias, including the victimization of fat people)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-S1073110500018611_bib35.1","unstructured":"35. Dailey, K. , \"Atlanta Anti-Obesity Ads 'Risk Child Stigma,'\" BBC News, February 9, 2012, available at <http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-us-canada-16958865> (last visited February 21, 2013)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-S1073110500018611_bib35.2","unstructured":"Renzetti, E. , \"It's Time to Shed the Tyranny of Dieting - Losing Weight Is a Losing Battle,\" Globe and Mail, January 7, 2012, at A2."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib18","unstructured":"18. Id., at Section III. b) Weight Loss: What Is Shed Is Almost Always Regained."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib10","unstructured":"10. Bogart, W. A. , RO?, at Chapter 2: How is Obesity a Problem? III. Obesity: A Public Health Issue? a) Increase in Weight. This chapter provides an extensive discussion of these factors and related citations to authorities."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib25","unstructured":"25. See Bacon, and Aphramor, , supra note 21, at 5."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib15","volume-title":"The Obesity Myth: Why America's Obsession with Weight Is Hazardous to Your Health","author":"Campos","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib9","unstructured":"9. See Early Childhood Obesity Prevention, supra note 7."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.159491","article-title":"\u201cObesity Stigma: Important Considerations for Public Health,\u201d","volume":"100","author":"Puhl","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib33","unstructured":"33. Id., at 29."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib34","unstructured":"34. Lasalandra, M. , \u201cDoctors Say Losing Weight is Emphasized Too Heavily,\u201d Boston Hearld, June 1, 1998, at 20 (quoting Fumento, M. )."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib105","unstructured":"105. See Early Childhood Obesity Prevention, supra note 7."},{"key":"S1073110500018611_bib44","unstructured":"44. 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