{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T06:16:09Z","timestamp":1774678569172,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]],"date-time":"2016-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009238","name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009238","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Microscopy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Manipulation of viable <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic> (etiologic agent of plague) in the laboratory usually necessitates elevated biosafety and biocontainment procedures, even with avirulent or vaccine strains. To facilitate downstream biochemical or physical analyses in a Biosafety Level 1 laboratory environment, effective inactivation without affecting its intrinsic properties is critical. Here, we report on the morphological and biochemical changes to <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> surfaces following four different fixation methods that render the cells nonviable. The results, obtained at the single cell level, demonstrate that methanol inactivation is best able to preserve bacterial morphology and bioactivity, enabling subsequent analysis. This nanoscale evaluation of the effects of inactivation on cell morphology and surface bioactivity may provide a crucial preparatory approach to study virulent pathogens in the lab setting using high\u2010resolution microscopic techniques such as atomic force microscopy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.12387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T08:10:04Z","timestamp":1456474204000},"page":"260-267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of whole cell fixation methods for the analysis of nanoscale surface features of <i>Yersinia pestis<\/i> KIM"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"WANG","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.E.","family":"STANCIU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.J.","family":"EHRHARDT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.K.","family":"YADAVALLI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.07.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00034-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10549"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3551-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.15.3.972-977.1977","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopic study of virulent Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis type 1","volume":"15","author":"Chen T.H.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Infect. 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