{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T10:41:53Z","timestamp":1762252913721,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["05M13RCA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05M13RCA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Microscopy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>A new microscopic principle based on radiometric stereo microscopy is presented, which is designed for investigating macro\u2010dispersion of filler in rubber. The image acquisition is combined with a stereological method of estimating the volume\u2010weighted size distribution of the filler particles. Experimental results for carbon black filler in rubber obtained by radiometric stereo microscopy are compared with those from microtomography using synchrotron radiation, and, furthermore, a simulation study is used for evaluation. It turns out that using the new three\u2010dimensional microscopic method, the size\u00a0distribution of the filler particles can be estimated from fresh cuts of rubber with high\u00a0accuracy, and thus it is an interesting alternative to well\u2010established dark field\u00a0microscopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Lay Description<\/jats:title><jats:p>Macro\u2010dispersion of globular filler particles in a rubber matrix is an important quantity that depends on manufacturing parameters and influences various rubber properties. Therefore, it must be carefully adjusted during the incorporation process and investigated by industrial quality control (ASTM D7723\u201018). Quality control is usually based on freshly made planar sections so\u2010called fresh cuts through rubber specimen. After stress retention of the rubber one obtains a rough cutting surface in which the filler particles appear as imprints or bumps, called nodges. These nodges can be made visible by classical light microscopy under dark field (DFM) illumination. The systems <jats:bold>disperGRADER<\/jats:bold>+ or the <jats:bold>disperGRADER Alpha View<\/jats:bold> were specifically designed for rubber inspection. However, it has proved to be very difficult estimating the size distribution of the filler particles from the observed white spots in the DFM image. In any case it is still necessary to compute the size distribution of the filler particles from an estimated size distribution of the section profiles. The latter is numerically unstable, i.e. small errors of the estimated size distribution of the section profiles lead to large errors of the computed filler size distribution.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Applying DFM combined with filler dispersion estimation as described in ASTM D7723\u201018 appears to be a fingerprint method only. For this reason, the new microscope <jats:bold>nSPEC 3D<\/jats:bold> was applied for rubber inspection. The principle used for surface imaging is based on radiometric stereo allowing for perfect three\u2010dimensional reconstruction of curved surfaces of fresh cuts. From this reconstruction it is possible to measure the height of particle nodges as well as their volumes. Furthermore, we present a new stereological method for estimating the filler size distribution from samples of the height and the volume of the nodges. Finally, microtomography with synchrotron radiation and computer simulation are applied to evaluate accuracy of the presented method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.12782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]],"date-time":"2019-01-31T05:35:05Z","timestamp":1548912905000},"page":"32-44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Estimation of filler macro\u2010dispersion in rubber matrix by radiometric stereo microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"274","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"OHSER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"LACAYO\u2010PINEDA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"PUTMAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotronics, 63 Flushing Avenue, Unit 241 Brooklyn New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"RACK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS 40220, Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0476-2833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"DOBROVOLSKIJ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer ITWM, Fraunhofer\u2010Platz 1 Kaiserslautern Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2006.35","volume-title":"2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'06)","author":"Ahmed A.H.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21569-8_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/3.764682"},{"volume-title":"Standard Terminology Relating to Carbon Black","year":"2017","author":"ASTM","key":"e_1_2_7_5_1"},{"volume-title":"Standard Methods for Carbon Black\u2010Dispersion in Rubber","year":"2014","author":"ASTM","key":"e_1_2_7_6_1"},{"volume-title":"Standard Test Method for Rubber Property \u2013 Macro\u2010Dispersion of Fillers in Compounds","year":"2018","author":"ASTM","key":"e_1_2_7_7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spasta.2018.07.003"},{"volume-title":"Finite Element Procedures in Engineering Analysis","year":"1996","author":"Bathe K.\u2010J.","key":"e_1_2_7_9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"433","volume-title":"Mathematical Morphology in Image Processing","author":"Beucher S.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705326104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"3115","volume-title":"IEEE RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems","author":"Chen L.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118658222"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1551929515000577"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/29\/1\/023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/7\/09\/P09016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(90)90076-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3535145"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"767","article-title":"Filler phase distribution in rubber blends characterised by thermographic analysis of the rubber\u2010filler gel","volume":"81","author":"Le H.H.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. 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