{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T22:24:05Z","timestamp":1780698245921,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,22]],"date-time":"2019-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5\/3\/8\/259\/2015\u2010ITR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/3\/8\/259\/2015\u2010ITR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Microscopy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Portable, low\u2010cost smartphone platform microscopic systems have emerged as a potential tool for imaging of various micron and submicron scale particles in recent years (Ozcan; Pirnstill and Cot\u00e9; Breslauer <jats:italic>et\u00a0al<\/jats:italic>.; Zhu <jats:italic>et\u00a0al<\/jats:italic>.). In most of the reported works, it involves either the use of sophisticated optical set\u2010ups along with a high\u2010end computational tool for postprocessing of the captured images, or it requires a high\u2010end configured smartphone to obtain enhanced imaging of the sample. Present work reports the working of a low\u2010cost, field\u2010portable 520\u00d7 optical microscope using a smartphone. The proposed smartphone microscopic system has been designed by attaching a 3D printed compact optical set\u2010up to the rear camera of a regular smartphone. By using cloud\u2010based services, an image processing algorithm has been developed which can be accessed anytime through a mobile broadband network. Using this facility, the quality of the captured images can be further enhanced, thus obviating the need for dedicated computational tools for postprocessing of the images. With the designed microscopic system, an optical resolution \u223c2 <jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>m has been obtained. Upon postprocessing, the resolution of the captured images can be improved further. It is envisioned that with properly designed optical set\u2010up in 3D printer and by developing an image processing application in the cloud, it is possible to obtain a low\u2010cost, user\u2010friendly, field\u2010portable optical microscope on a regular smartphone that performs at par with that of a laboratory\u2010grade microscope.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Lay description<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the ever\u2010improving features both in hardware and software part, smartphone becomes ubiquitous in the modern civilised society with approximately 8.1 billion cell phone users across the world, and \u223c40% of them can be considered as smartphones. This technology is undoubtedly the leading technology of the 21st century. Very recently, various researchers across the globe have utilised different sensing components embedded in the smartphone to convert it into a field\u2010portable low\u2010cost and user\u2010friendly tool which can be used for different sensing and imaging purposes. By using simple optical components such as lens, pinhole, diffuser etc. and the camera of the smartphone, various groups have converted the phone into a microscopic imaging system. Again, by removing the camera lenses of the phone, holography images of microscopic particles by directly casting its shadows on the CMOS sensor on the phone has been demonstrated. The holographic images have subsequently been processed using the dedicated computational tool, and the original photos of the samples can be obtained. All the reported smartphone\u2010based microscopic systems either suffer from relatively low field\u2010of\u2010view (FOV), resolution or it needs a high computational platform. Present work, demonstrate an alternative approach by which a reasonably good resolution (&lt;2 <jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>m) along with high optical magnification (520\u00d7) and a large FOV (150 <jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>m) has been obtained on a regular smartphone. For postprocessing of the captured images an image processing algorithm has been developed in the cloud and the same can be accessed by the smartphone application, obviating the need of dedicated computational tool and a high\u2010end configured smartphone for the proposed microscope. For the development of the proposed microscopic system, a simple optical set\u2010up has been fabricated in a 3D printer. The set\u2010up houses all the required optical components and the sample specimen with the 3D\u2010printed XY stage, and it can be attached easily to the rear camera of the smartphone. Using the proposed microscopic system, enhanced imaging of USAF target and red blood cells have been successfully demonstrated. With the readily available optical components and a regular smartphone, the net cost involvement is significantly low (less than $250, including the smartphone). We envisioned that the designed system could be utilised for point\u2010of\u2010care diagnosis in resource\u2010poor settings where access to the laboratory facilities is very limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.12829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T13:48:23Z","timestamp":1568036903000},"page":"13-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Design of a 3D printed smartphone microscopic system with enhanced imaging ability for biomedical applications"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"RABHA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics Tezpur University  Sonitpur Assam India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"SARMAH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Tezpur Medical College and Hospital  Sonitpur Assam India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3768-076X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"NATH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Photonics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Physics Tezpur University  Sonitpur Assam India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-11-24"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006320"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.004604"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2015.2478657"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098781"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201500329"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA01113F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4921835"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc40991k"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1119\/1.4999732"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.002237"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA02483A"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b03424"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.08.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5040189"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Statistics. 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