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Also the measurement of numerical aperture generated by illuminators has received relatively little attention in the literature compared to methods for measuring the numerical aperture of acceptance by objectives. In this article, I show how an inexpensive paper diffuser with refractive\u2010index coupling to the sample slide can generate illumination of a numerical aperture of over 1.4 at a small fraction of the cost of oiled dioptric condensers of comparable numerical aperture. In addition, I present two ways in which a diffuser may also be used to measure the numerical aperture generated by an illuminator using either a calibrated index\u2010coupled paper diffuser to implement an interpolative variation of the Horsfall method or a diffuser as a detector screen coupled to a self\u2010built microscope slide\u2010based illumination system apertometer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.13237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T12:24:59Z","timestamp":1697545499000},"page":"135-147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Use of a refractive index\u2013coupled diffuser to both generate and measure high\u2010numerical aperture illumination for light microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"292","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1316-0858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J.","family":"Tadrous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TadPath Diagnostics  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Light microscopy: An illustrated guide","author":"Oldfield R.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1875.tb00845.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"Tadrous P. 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