{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T19:34:09Z","timestamp":1751398449896,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Microscopy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traditionally, automated slide scanning involves capturing a rectangular grid of field\u2010of\u2010view (FoV) images which can be stitched together to create whole slide images, while the autofocusing algorithm captures a focal stack of images to determine the best in\u2010focus image. However, these methods can be time\u2010consuming due to the need for <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>\u2010, <jats:italic>Y<\/jats:italic>\u2010 and <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2010axis movements of the digital microscope while capturing multiple FoV images. In this paper, we propose a solution to minimise these redundancies by presenting an optimal procedure for automated slide scanning of circular membrane filters on a glass slide. We achieve this by following an optimal path in the sample plane, ensuring that only FoVs overlapping the filter membrane are captured. To capture the best in\u2010focus FoV image, we utilise a hill\u2010climbing approach that tracks the peak of the mean of Gaussian gradient of the captured FoVs images along the <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2010axis. We implemented this procedure to optimise the efficiency of the Schistoscope, an automated digital microscope developed to diagnose urogenital schistosomiasis by imaging <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> eggs on 13 or 25 mm membrane filters. Our improved method reduces the automated slide scanning time by 63.18% and 72.52% for the respective filter sizes. This advancement greatly supports the practicality of the Schistoscope in large\u2010scale schistosomiasis monitoring and evaluation programs in endemic regions. This will save time, resources and also accelerate generation of data that is critical in achieving the targets for schistosomiasis\u00a0elimination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.13269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T07:23:53Z","timestamp":1706685833000},"page":"52-61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An automated slide scanning system for membrane filter imaging in diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"294","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4316-0883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prosper","family":"Oyibo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft Center for Systems and Control Delft University of Technology Delft The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tope","family":"Agbana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft Center for Systems and Control Delft University of Technology Delft The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisette","family":"van Lieshout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wellington","family":"Oyibo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Transdisciplinary Research for Malaria &amp; Neglected Tropical Diseases College of Medicine, University of Lagos Lagos Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4007-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan\u2010Carel","family":"Diehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sustainable Design Engineering Delft University of Technology Delft The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gleb","family":"Vdovine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft Center for Systems and Control Delft University of Technology Delft The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2014.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005454"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70096-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4414-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010321"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0276"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carel Diehl J. Oyibo P. Agbana T. Jujjavarapu S. Van G.\u2010Y. Vdovin G. &Oyibo W.(2020).Schistoscope: Smartphone versus Raspberry Pi based low\u2010cost diagnostic device for urinary Schistosomiasis.2020 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC).","DOI":"10.1109\/GHTC46280.2020.9342871"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010500"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42600-023-00288-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202000227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6890-6-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jpi.jpi_11_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2006.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.379780"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liron Y. Paran Y. Zatorsky N. G. Geiger B. &Kam Z.(2006).Laser autofocusing system for high\u2010resolution cell biological imaging.221(2) 145\u2013151. _eprint:https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365\u20102818.2006.01550.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.2006.01550.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"Reinheimer G.(1973).Arrangement for automatically focussing an optical instrument.US3721827A."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"Cable A. WOLLENZIN J. Johnstone R. Gossage K. Brooker J. S. Mills J. Jiang J. &Hillmann D.(2018).Microscopy system with auto\u2010focus adjustment by low\u2010coherence interferometry.US9869852B2."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"Silfies J. S. Lieser E. G. Schwartz S. A. &Davidson M. W. (2024)Nikon Perfect Focus System (PFS). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.microscopyu.com\/tutorials\/the\u2010nikon\u2010perfect\u2010focus\u2010system\u2010pfs"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2153-3539.84231"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"Vir\u00e1g T. L\u00e1szl\u00f3 A. Moln\u00e1r B. Tagscherer A. &Varga V. S.(2010).Focusing method for the high\u2010speed digitalisation of microscope slides and slide displacing device focusing optics and optical rangefinder.US7663078B2."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"Dong R. T. Rashid U. &Zeineh J.(2005).System and method for generating digital images of a microscope slide.US20050089208A1."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.6.003210"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.446928"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvestri L. M\u00fcllenbroich M. C. Costantini I. Giovanna A. P. D. Sacconi L. &Pavone F. S.(2017).RAPID: Real\u2010time image\u2010based autofocus for all wide\u2010field optical microscopy systems.bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/170555"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.9.001601"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.4.001437"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitriou N. Arandjelovi\u0107 O. &Caie P. D.(2019).Deep learning for whole slide image analysis: An overview.Frontiers in Medicine.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00264"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jpi.jpi_53_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.6.000794"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010019\u20100539\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201700075"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2019.05.04"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.23.6.066503"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.003379"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.45.000260"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/24.1.1254907"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097\u20100320(20000101)39:1<1::AID\u2010CYTO2>3.0.CO;2\u2010J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell M. J. &Douglas T. S.(2007).Evaluation of autofocus algorithms for tuberculosis microscopy.Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference.2007.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4353082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.22020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.3.036008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu S. Y. Dugan N. &Hennelly B. M.(2014).Investigation of autofocus algorithms for brightfield microscopy of unstained cells. In:Proceedings of SPIE \u2013 The International Society for Optical Engineering 9131:91310T pp.205\u2013216.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2051944"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2818.1997.2060766.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rai Dastidar T.(2019).Automated focus distance estimation for digital microscopy using deep convolutional neural networks. In:2019 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW).IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2019.00137"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13050643"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452\u2010019\u20101886\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831\u2010020\u201009461\u2010x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Microscopy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jmi.13269","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T14:18:18Z","timestamp":1709993898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jmi.13269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jmi.13269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jmi.13269","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2720","1365-2818"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-2720"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1365-2818"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}